The pig model of paraoxon poisoning used here exhibited reproducible prolonged respiratory distress and delayed mortality, with signs and symptoms characteristic of organophosphate poisoning [21]. The most important finding in the present study was the dramatic effect of Cuirass technique in reducing the paraoxon-induced mortality (Figure 2). This Cuirass technique was found to be superior to bag-valve mask ventilation, a common

ventilation procedure, expected to be used buy Ivacaftor following both single exposure and on-scene mass casualty event. Earlier studies have demonstrated that respiratory failure was the predominant cause of death in nerve agent poisoning and that significant cardiovascular depression occurred only after cessation of respiration [24] and [25]. This emphasizes the importance of respiratory support over cardiovascular support during early stages following OP poisoning. Biphasic Cuirass Ventilation has been reported as an easily-adopted and rapidly-applied method suitable for use by non-medical personnel, selleck inhibitor even while wearing protective gear [20]. In addition,

Ben-Abraham et al. [19] have indicated that physicians wearing full personal protective gear applied the cuirass and instituted ventilation faster than performing endotracheal intubation followed by positive pressure ventilation. Unfortunately, as we have shown here for the first time, the bag-valve mask ventilation did not sufficiently improve the impact of OP exposure unless continuously implemented. While animals survived during ventilation, shortly after its termination the animals died and mortality rates resembled that of the non-ventilated Control group. In contrast, ventilation with the cuirass for the same period of time prevented 24 h mortality and the animals recovered better and Chloroambucil faster with no deterioration

following cessation of ventilation. An additional advantage of the Cuirass relates to airway management. In pre-hospital ventilation, a jaw thrust into the BVM is required to avoid the tongue occluding the airway, assuming the supine position of the casualty. This adds to the difficulties of using BVM in the pre-hospital setting of a chemical event. When using the cuirass there is no need for a jaw thrust, as the use of a guedel is enough. In our study there was no need for that since the animals were in a prone position. In recent years several studies described a successful use of supraglottic airways and intubation in the pre-hospital setting [26], [27], [28] and [29]. Endotracheal intubation is still regarded as the golden standard, and supraglottic airways are regarded a bridge until definite airway control is achieved [30]. When looking at the success rates, supraglottic airways are easier to manage, including in a chemical event [26], [27], [28], [29] and [30].

3f is ikaite. Onset time (τ) under different pH, salinities (both in ASW and NaCl medium), temperatures and PO4 Metformin concentrations is illustrated in Fig. 4(a–d) and Table 2. At pH from 8.5 to 10.0, τ decreases nonlinearly with increasing pH; it decreases steeply at low pH and then slows down at high pH. At salinities from 0 to 105, in ASW, τ increases with salinity; in the NaCl medium, τ first increases with salinity and above salinity 70, it decreases slightly. τ is longer in ASW than in the NaCl medium under the same salinity conditions. There is no significant difference in τ in the temperature range from 0 to − 4 °C and in the

PO4 concentration range from 0 to 50 μmol kg− 1. The evolution of the common logarithmic ion activity product of Ca2 + and CO32 − (log (IAP)) until the onset of ikaite precipitation and the solution supersaturation at the onset of ikaite precipitation (Ω = IAP / Ksp, ikaite) under different pH, salinities (both in ASW and NaCl medium), EPZ5676 in vitro temperatures and PO4 concentrations are illustrated in Fig. 5(a–e) and Table 2. At pH from 8.5 to 10.0, the rates of log (IAP) evolution are much faster at higher pH but the

evolution curves are getting closer with the increase in pH. Ω increases with increasing pH. At salinity from 0 to 105, log (IAP) evolution shows a similar pattern in ASW and NaCl medium: that is at salinity 0, the evolution is much faster than those at salinities equal or larger than 35. And the evolution curves are getting closer with the increase in salinity. The rates in log (IAP) evolution are slower in ASW than those in the NaCl medium under the same salinity conditions. For example, at salinity 70, the time to reach ikaite solubility (ts) is 72 min in ASW while it is 65 min in the NaCl medium ( Table 2). Ω is similar in ASW in this studied salinity range; while it decreases with increasing salinity selleck chemicals llc in the NaCl medium. At temperatures from 0 to − 4 °C, the curves of log (IAP) evolution overlap as do the curves of log (IAP) evolution at PO4 concentrations from 0 to 50 μmol kg− 1. There is no significant difference in Ω in this temperature and PO4 concentration range. The smaller size of ikaite crystals in our experiments

compared to those found in natural sea ice might be due to the much faster precipitation rate under laboratory conditions, which favors calcium carbonate nucleation over further growth of crystals (Vekilov, 2010). In sea ice, the precipitation of ikaite probably goes through a much slower process, allowing the crystals to grow larger. However, the size of natural ikaite in sea ice could also be limited by the dimensions of the brine pockets or brine channels (Dieckmann et al., 2008). The different precipitates in the NaCl medium with and without PO4 indicate that the presence of PO4 is important for ikaite formation in the NaCl medium. This result is consistent with other studies stating that ikaite is usually found in an elevated PO4 environment (Buchardt et al.

, 2010 and Wang et al., 2012, we develop a new approach taking into account the physical theory of directional and frequency decomposition of swell waves (e.g. Holthuijsen, 2007). The new model is then applied to 5 sets of projections of the atmosphere by four different RCMs (forced by one or two GCMs; see Table 1), to explore the inter-model variability and to project future changes in wave climate, as done by Casas-Prat and Sierra (2013) with dynamical downscaling. The study area is situated in the NW

Mediterranean ZD1839 solubility dmso Sea, focusing on the Catalan coast (highlighted in red in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). The new method is therefore adapted to the features of this zone, providing the area with a range of wave projections that are of sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolutions for coastal impact assessments in the context of climate change. In general, we aim to develop a computationally inexpensive method of general applicability. Thus, our method can easily be adapted for use in other regions. The remainder of this paper is structured GSK2118436 research buy as follows. Section 2 describes the main features of the atmospheric and wave climate of the study area, and Section 3, the datasets used to calibrate and validate the statistical model and to project the future wave climate

conditions in this area. Section 4 describes how the statistical method is developed and applied to the study area. Along with some discussion, Section 5 presents the results of model evaluation, and future wave projections are discussed in Section 6. Finally, Section 7 summarizes the main conclusions of this study, along with some discussion. Although MYO10 we focus on the wave climate along the Catalan coast, in order to account for swell waves (see Section 2.2), a larger domain (than merely the Catalan sea area) is considered as the “study area”, which is illustrated with a black square in Fig. 1 and shown enlarged

in Fig. 2. In determining the boundaries of this study area, we consider: (1) the maximum fetch affecting the Catalan coast and (2) the shadow effects produced by the Balearic islands (more details in Section 2.2). We will produce therefore wave climate projections for the whole study area (not only for the Catalan coast). However, the results are less reliable/accurate for grid points near the domain boundaries, especially those that are close to the Gibraltar strait, since no exchange with the Atlantic Ocean is considered in the datasets used. Having a better knowledge of the main aspects of atmospheric and (corresponding) wave climate is important to better design the statistical model, and to properly interpret the modeling results. Therefore, a review of those aspects has been undertaken and is presented in the subsections below. Several reviews and studies have been carried out in the recent years in order to better describe the characteristics of the complex Mediterranean climate (e.g. Bolle, 2003, Campins et al., 2011, Lionello et al.

Since the available literatures suggested that the ring opening followed by further cleavage of PAHs takes place at pH above neutral, Bacillus species with the said robustness (biosurfactant production as well as growth at alkali pH) have been the choice to study the degradation of PAHs. Thus, the present study exemplifies the biosurfactant mediated anthracene degradation efficacy of marine bacterial species in an aqueous medium. In brief, the study explores degradation of anthracene and finger printing of the degradative products using TLC, HPLC and GC–MS analyses. Further, the study extended to identify the genes responsible for the biosurfactant production and said degradation,

elucidation of degradation pathway and the schematic representation on the degradation process. Anthracene (99% purity) was purchased from HiMedia. Bacteriological selleck media, chemicals, silica gel coated TLC plates and solvents were purchased from Hi-Media and Sisco Research Laboratory (SRL), Mumbai, India. Isolate MTCC 5514 was initially screened from marine samples, characterized and identified according to the standard protocol and procedures and deposited in Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC), Chandigarh, India and used for the study. The 16S rRNA gene sequence was submitted CT99021 research buy to NCBI with the accession number HM145910. To the pre-sterilized medium (Zobell Marine Broth, (HiMedia)), anthracene at 100–1000 ppm

concentrations were supplemented aseptically and inoculated with the 1 × 105 cells/mL of MTCC 5514, incubated at 37 °C under shaking condition (200 rpm) for the period of 10, 16 and 22 days. Growth of the marine isolate MTCC 5514 in the presence of anthracene at varying concentrations,

viz., 0, 100, 300, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm was observed by measuring the optical density of the culture broth at 600 nm at 24 h intervals using UV–visible spectrophotometer (UV-2450, Shimadzu, Japan). The pH of the growth medium measured FAD at 24 h intervals till 22 days using Elico pH meter, model CL 54. The surfactant property of the extracellular medium during the growth of the isolate was qualitatively measured by drop collapse test and quantitatively by plate method using GBX-3S tensiometer (DM) at room temperature [3]. Both synthetic (SDS, Tween 20, Triton X 100 (at 1% concentration)) and commercially available surfactant (Lecithin (at 10% concentration)) were used for comparison. Thin layer chromatography was used as a primary tool to identify the degraded products. Followed by removal of the samples, the cell free supernatant was mixed with ethyl acetate and the ethyl acetate fraction was separated and subjected to TLC analysis using chloroform:ethyl acetate:acetic acid (5:5:0.1) (v/v) as a solvent system and exposed to 2% Gibbs reagent after drying. Followed by the extraction with ethyl acetate, the samples were filtered through 0.

Vegetables and fruits were often given as the first complementary foods, and the average age of children at the time of the introduction of every new food was generally consistent with the recommendations. The overall average provision with energy (1165.67 [29.67–4951.33] kcal/day), protein (40.53 [0.63–230.37] g/day) and carbohydrates (153.63 [3.53–708.7] g/day) exceeded the corresponding Selleck CAL 101 modern standards, although significant individual variations were observed, especially in terms of energy and protein consumption.

The excess of proteins was especially significant (Fig. 2). However, the average level of consumption was lower than the national requirements (53 g/day). Thirty-six percentage of children consumed protein at the level of 25–40 g/day, and 31% – 40–53 g/day (Fig. 3). Only fat consumption (33.61 [15.64–68.62]%

of the total calories intake) was appropriate to children’s needs providing about 33% of daily energy (Fig. 2). The average intake of saturated fat (3.65 [0–43.64]%) and cholesterol (106.4 [2.2–637.8] mg) was also appropriate. However, the average provision with polyunsaturated fats was insufficient (3.59 [0.087–19.34]%). Compared to infants, children aged of 13–36 months consumed more energy, protein and carbohydrates but less saturated, polyunsaturated fat, and cholesterol (Tab. II). At the same time the features of provision with energy and basic nutrients described previously became more prominent with increasing age. Note: Dashed lines indicate the desired level of energy and nutrients consumption according to the recommendations of the WHO [22], http://www.selleckchem.com/products/apo866-fk866.html [23], [24] and [25], the European Union [26], [27] and [28] and the United States [29] (2010–2012). The fine dotted lines represent the level corresponding to the national guidelines (1999) [30]. The national regulation regarding Cytidine deaminase desired percentage of fat intake is absent. According to calculations, the diet

of the majority of children involved in the study did not comply with the recommended intake of zinc (91%), iron (68%), calcium (61%), iodine (49%), vitamins A (99%), D (97%), B6 (89%), B12 (71%), E (70%) and B1 (61%) (Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6). The exact content of the basic minerals and vitamins in the daily diet depending on the age of the children is presented in Table III. Frequent intake of sweets and chocolates appeared to be one of the most inadequate in terms of nutrition quality and was associated with diet deficiency in zinc (R = 0.14; p < 0.05), calcium (R = 0.12; p < 0.05), vitamins E (R = 0.23; p < 0.05), D (R = 0.12; p < 0.05), C (R = 0.11; p < 0.05), B6 (R = 0.16; p < 0.05), and B12 (R = 0.22; p < 0.05). Deficiencies of zinc (R = 0.12; p < 0.05), calcium (R = 0.16; p < 0.05), vitamins E (R = 0.19; p < 0.05), D (R = 0.14; p < 0.05), B1 (R = 0.11; p < 0.05) and B6 (R = 0.22; p < 0.05) were associated with increased meat intake.

PIP3 anchors AKT to the membrane, where AKT is activated through its phosphorylation by phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2). AKT phosphorylates numerous targets to transduce sig- nals for growth, proliferation, and survival [3]. In addition to its effect on PIP3/AKT pathway, PTEN also regulates p53 function. Mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) is a substrate of AKT, thus acti- vation of AKT on PTEN loss results in MDM2 phosphorylation and increased nuclear import to enhance p53 degradation [4]. PTEN also physically associates with p53 to enhance its DNA binding ability [5]. The domains within PTEN include a phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate–binding

region, a phosphatase domain, a C2 domain, with a C-terminal tail containing two rich in proline, glutamic acid, serine, and threonine (PEST) domains for degradation and a post synaptic density (PDZ) Avasimibe concentration interaction motif (Figure 1A). Mutations of PTEN in GBM include missense, nonsense, frameshift, and splice site mutations distributed throughout the gene, causing disruption Venetoclax of the phosphatase domain by truncation or instability. The most frequently observed mutations in central nervous system (CNS) tumors are amino acid

substitutions at arginine 173 and nonsense mutation at arginine 130. The preferential selection of these “hot spots” suggests that mutants of PTEN may not confer equal oncogenic effects in GBM [6]. The prognostic significance of PTEN in GBM is still a matter of debate. Although multiple clinical studies

have suggested that PTEN mutation in glioma has no correlation with survival or chemosensitivity [7], [8], [9] and [10], some other studies have associated loss of function of PTEN with a more adverse outcome [11], [12] and [13]. Unfortunately, many of these studies lack the sample size or thorough evaluation of PTEN genetic alterations to make concrete conclusions. To precisely evaluate the genuine prognostic significance of PTEN function in brain malig- nancies, comprehensive analysis of GBM at the genetic and expression levels on a large number of morphologically well-defined patients is required [14]. In the present study, we perform a comprehensive analysis on the prognostic value of PTEN status Ergoloid in patients with GBM on the basis of large-scale cancer genomic data. The 586 GBM cases included in this study were well defined in both clinicopathologic and genomic/ proteomic aspects and thus may add an important answer to this controversial field. We also analyze the effects of PTEN mutations on different signaling proteins and experimentally validated the results. By these efforts, we aim to provide mechanistic explanations for the distinct effects of PTEN mutations. The vectors expressing wild-type PTEN were cloned by inserting cDNAs into pcDNA3 vectors through the NheI and XhoI restriction sites.

Furthermore, the simulation with a wind of 10 m s−1 speed and of 48 hours’ duration resulted in a bigger effluent plume depth than in June/July owing to the stronger density gradients in the intermediate and bottom layers in May and September. The results show that sea water quality, in terms of effluent

plume retention below the sea surface, is independent of the bora wind’s influence throughout the summer. Future studies should investigate the advection of the effluent plume in the far-field zone Navitoclax manufacturer and the possibility of upwelling. Other synoptic situations having possible effects on summer vertical stratification should also be studied in more detail (e.g. Lenvatinib mw sirocco wind events). Some new studies are already being carried out along these lines. “
“Electron microscopy remains a prime instrument in phage

ecology studies of most unexplored aquatic ecosystems (Pearce & Wilson 2003, Drucker & Dutova 2006). Morphological investigations of virioplankton range from descriptions of new phages to illustrations of the distribution of biodiversity (Ackermann 2001, Castberg et al. 2002). Despite the advantages of relatively new approaches such as epifluorescence microscopy (Noble & Fuhrman 1998) and flow cytometry (Brussaard et al. 2000), the application of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in virioplankton studies allows more accurate information about virus morphology and size distribution to be obtained (Børsheim et al. 1990). The taxonomic structuring of phage-like particles has been proposed by several authors (Bradley 1967, Ackermann & Eisenstark 1974, Wichels et al. 1998) Exoribonuclease and approved by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Studies with the aim of grouping viruses into size classes

have shown that morphological types of viruses are distributed widely in different pelagic ecosystems (Weinbauer 2004). The vast majority of phages belong to the order Caudovirales and have a broad range of isometric heads varying from 20 to 200 nm, with the 30–60 nm size class phages dominant in marine ( Wommack et al. 1992) and 60–90 nm phages prevalent in fluvial and lacustrine ecosystems ( Mathias et al. 1995, Drucker & Dutova 2006). Recent studies, particularly in unexplored aquatic areas, lack morphological analyses of viruses. Molecular analyses and virus genome sequencing are often used in virus research and identification, but genome size can provide only a rough estimate of the rates of ecological interactions between predator and prey, and synergistic or antagonistic relations among predators (grazers and viruses). The same genome size viruses could possibly exhibit different morphological forms. Holmfeldt et al. (2007) showed two different morphological forms with a very similar genome size.

The surface water flow through the Sicily Channel is estimated to be approximately 1.4 times the surface water flow through the Gibraltar Strait because: (1) the net evaporation INCB024360 solubility dmso over the EMB is about three times than the net evaporation over the WMB, (2) deep water convection is more significant in the EMB than the WMB, so the amount of lower-water outflow through the Sicily Channel is more significant than through the Gibraltar Strait. Depending on the two previous

aspects, the amount of inflow water needed to compensate for the loss of water due to net evaporation and outflow is much higher through the Sicily Channel than the Gibraltar Strait. The Sicily Strait is 11 times wider than the Gibraltar Strait, which can explain why the surface flow through

the Sicily Channel is higher than that through the Gibraltar Strait. The calculated SST over the 1958–2010 period followed the reanalysed data with no biases over either studied sub-basin. The surface water www.selleckchem.com/products/bmn-673.html of the EMB was approximately 1.6°C warmer than that of the WMB in the studied period. The Mediterranean Sea surface water displayed a significant warming trend, most pronounced in the 1985–2010 period and over the EMB (Table 5). The modelled sea surface salinity in the 1958–2010 period followed the reanalysed data with a bias of 0.09 and 0.11 g kg−1 for the WMB and EMB, respectively. The surface water of the EMB was approximately 0.87 g kg−1 more saline than that of the WMB. The Mediterranean Sea surface water displayed an insignificant salinity trend (Table 5). In the EMB, this can be explained by a balance between two effects: significant warming (implying increasing salinity) and decreasing freshwater input (implying decreasing salinity). The annual temperature and salinity cycles in the surface and deep layers were realistically simulated using PROBE-MED version 2.0. The calculated evaporation rate and heat balance components agreed well with

and were strongly correlated with the reanalysed data. This may indicate that the air–sea interaction and turbulent mixing are modelled satisfactorily. Table Amine dehydrogenase 5 shows the statistical analysis of net precipitation rates. Calculated net precipitation rates display a positive (negative) trend over the WMB (EMB), most markedly in the 1958–1984 (1985–2010) period. Moreover, the annual average net precipitation rates were −0.88 ± 0.95 and −1.52 ± 1.28 mm day−1 for the WMB and EMB, respectively. This may explain the much more saline surface water in the EMB than the WMB. Different estimation methods are available for calculating net precipitation rates. ERA-Interim reanalysed data indicate that the net precipitation rates over the 1985–2010 period, calculated as long-term means, were −1.4 mm day−1 (trend 0.099 mm day−1 yr−1) and −2.1 mm day−1 (trend −0.139 mm day−1 yr−1) for the WMB and EMB, respectively. Romanou et al.

In the same way we can calculate the area of the sea surface consisting of an arbitrary number of intersecting regular waves. Under natural conditions, wave profiles are constantly changing with time in random fashion. Owing to the complex energy GSK2118436 transfer from

the atmosphere to the ocean and vice versa, the resulting surface waves are multidirectional. Information about a time series of surface displacements at a given point is usually available from a wave recorder or from numerical simulation. For the purpose of this paper we use the simulation approach and assume that a confused sea is the summation of many independent harmonics travelling in various directions. These harmonics are superimposed with a random phase φ, which is uniformly distributed on (–π, π). Thus we have ( Massel & Brinkman 1998) equation(80) ζ(x, y, t)=∑m=1M1∑n=1N1amn cos[km xcosθn+km ysinθn−ωmt+φmn],in

which the deterministic amplitudes amn are prescribed by the following formula: equation(81) amn2=2S1(ω,θ)ΔωmΔωn,where S1(ω, θ) is the input frequency-directional Stem Cell Compound Library spectrum, Δωm denotes the band-width of the mth frequency, and Δωn is the band-width of the nth wave angle. The wave numbers km are given by the dispersion relation equation(82) ωm2=gkmtanh(kmh)and M1 and N1 are the respective numbers of frequencies and directions used in the simulation. We represent the input frequency-directional spectrum S1(ω, θ) in the form of the product of the frequency spectrum S1(ω) and the directional spreading D(θ), in which the JONSWAP frequency spectrum ( eq. (12)) is used, and for the directional spreading function D(θ) we adapt formula (20) with parameter s = 1. To simulate the sea surface, a time series of M  1 = 155 frequencies non-uniformly distributed in the frequency band 0.5 ωp   < ω   < 6ωp   and N  1 = 180 directions (Δθ   = 2°) were used. When the surface displacement ζ=ζ(x, y, t)ζ=ζ(x, y, t) is known, the area of random sea surface over the plain rectangle a × b is given by eq. (79). Let us assume that an area of 1 km  × 1 km  is covered by surface

waves induced by a wind of velocity changing from U = 2m/s to U = 25m/s and fetch X = 100 km . The relationship between the relative increase in area δ and wind Cell press speed U is shown in Figure 8. In a very severe storm, when U = 25 m s−1 and significant wave height Hs = 4.57 m, the increase δ approaches the value of δ = 0.77%. This paper examines some geometrical features of ocean surface waves, which are of special importance in air-sea interaction and incipient wave breaking. In particular, the paper demonstrates the influence of directional spreading on the statistics of sea surface slopes. Theoretical analysis and comparison with the available experimental data show that unimodal directional spreading is unable to reproduce properly the observed ratio of the cross-wind/up-wind mean square slopes.

This may differ from therapeutic vaccines or drugs, where the potential improvement of an existing clinical condition may increase a patient’s tolerance or acceptance of certain AEs. The success of clinical studies is based on precise and relevant immunological and clinical endpoints (these are essential if the immune correlates of protection CAL-101 cell line are not known); accurate estimates of sample size based on disease incidence; appropriate numbers of subjects

(to allow for the estimated drop-out rate); and rigorous data management. Safety is an endpoint evaluated throughout all studies. In order to most accurately determine both efficacy and the incidence of AEs, Phase III clinical trials usually enrol a large number of subjects. In these studies Independent Data Monitoring Committees (IDMCs) may be put in place to guarantee continuous surveillance of data produced, and to flag any possible safety concern arising during the study. An example of the importance of this and post-licensure safety evaluations is described in the rotavirus vaccine case study (case study

3). As stated earlier, safety is integral to all aspects of vaccine manufacture and, as such, is continually assessed throughout the entire vaccine development (Figure 5.2). As with all areas of medical research, the development of new vaccines builds on the experience gained in the development of earlier products. Safety is the main endpoint Maraviroc of Phase I clinical trials, and continues to be an important endpoint for all further stages of the clinical development process and post-licensure assessments. Vaccines licensed within the last few years have well-established safety profiles due to the extensive studies and rigorous safety checks to which new vaccines must now be subjected. This is described in the human papillomavirus (HPV) case study below. Case study 1.  Licensed, AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16 and HPV-18 vaccine New generation vaccines containing novel

adjuvants seek to improve on existing vaccines and/or increase the number of diseases that can be targeted by vaccination, as described in Chapter 4 – Vaccine adjuvants. Adjuvants are used to enhance and modulate the immune response to the vaccine antigen. As a result of increasing scrutiny of vaccine safety, especially for new vaccines formulated with novel adjuvants to increase Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK the magnitude of the immune response, the clinical development plan for the AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16 and -18 vaccine included enhanced safety assessments. Investigators and vaccinees were solicited to actively report events requiring medical attention, eg new onset of chronic disorders (NOCDs) and autoimmune (AI) diseases. In addition, the inclusion and exclusion criteria and study design were standardised and harmonised across the HPV clinical plan (to allow for pooling of safety data from the entire database). This effectively increased the sample size of vaccine recipients in order to maximise the chance of detecting a rare adverse event.