After correcting selleck chemicals llc for changes in weight during and after lactation, the magnitude of the changes in HSA outcomes decreased and only remained significant for BMDa and CSA at the

narrow neck and intertrochanteric region. At the time the women had stopped lactating for at least 3 months, the HSA measurements were, in general, not significantly different from 2 weeks postpartum. The only exceptions were BMDa and CSA of the femoral shaft that remained about 1% below measurements at 2 weeks postpartum. However, after weight correction, there were no significant HSA differences between 2 weeks postpartum and post-lactation for any measurement. During the study, no statistically significant changes in HSA measurements were observed for NPNL women and correcting for changes

in weight had minimal effect on results. Neither mean nor change in calcium intake was a significant predictor of change in any HSA variable, whether FFQ or diary estimate was used or whether dichotomization above see more or below the median was performed. This study confirms our previous report for these women, using the DXA manufacturer’s software, that demonstrated significant but temporary decreases in bone mineral mass during lactation at different sites within the hip [4]. However, this study extends this earlier work by investigating changes in bone structural geometry, as well as bone mineral mass. Knowledge concerning bone geometry is useful to estimate whether lactation influences bone strength and hence makes women more prone to fragility fracture at the hip during or after lactation. Although rare, fragility fractures have been reported during lactation

[11] and [12] and, as described in the Introduction, retrospective studies investigating the relationship between parity and/or lactation history and fracture risk and bone mineral status are conflicting. Significant decreases in BMDa and CSA were observed at the narrow neck and intertrochanteric regions; indicative of a decreased ability to resist fractures from axial loading. Direct comparison of bone mineral mass changes at HSA-defined hip sites with conventional DXA sites can only be made for the narrow neck region. The observed decrease in BMDa at BCKDHA the narrow neck of – 2.8% is consistent with previous reports, using DXA manufacturer’s software, of –2 to –7% at the femoral neck [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8] and [9]. In contrast, at the femoral shaft decreases in BMDa and CSA were smaller than those observed at other HSA sites, and no significant changes remained after weight correction. The femoral shaft, unlike the narrow neck and intertrochanteric regions, contains only cortical bone in younger women. This finding is compatible with previous observations that have shown that decreases in bone mineral during lactation occur predominantly at sites rich in trabecular bone [4]. Bone strength is determined not only by bone mineral mass but also by bone structural geometry.