This study has various limitations that may be addressed by futur

This study has various limitations that may be addressed by future studies. Although we examined verbal and non-verbal measures of working memory and declarative memory, only a non-verbal measure of procedural memory was included. On the one hand, this is sufficient for testing the PDH, which expects that even non-verbal procedural memory deficits should be observed in SLI. And selleck given that any verbal procedural

memory measure may be contaminated by language deficits, this is a purer approach. Nevertheless, future studies examining the status of working, declarative and procedural memory in SLI would benefit from the inclusion of measures of verbal procedural memory as well. The present study also leaves many other avenues open for further research. We did not examine how declarative memory may underlie grammar in its compensatory role – e.g., via chunking, learning rules explicitly, or conceptual/semantic parsing (see, Introduction). Additionally, although the present study tested associations between performance at memory systems and lexical and grammatical abilities, it did not investigate any causal effects of MEK inhibitor the posited dependence of these abilities

on declarative or procedural memory. Finally, we limited our investigation to behaviour, and did not probe the neural bases of SLI, or of the observed language and memory deficits in the disorder. In conclusion, the evidence from this and other studies seems to suggest the following. SLI is associated with procedural memory deficits. Declarative memory is intact for visual information, and for verbal information once working memory and language deficits are controlled Resminostat for. Working memory is normal for visuo-spatial information, but appears to be problematic in the verbal domain. Lexical abilities in SLI

(and TD) children are related at least in part to declarative memory. In TD children, grammatical abilities are related at least partly to procedural memory. In SLI, variability in grammatical abilities seems to be explained both by procedural memory deficits and by compensation by the largely intact declarative memory system. Overall, the evidence appears to largely support the predictions of the Procedural Deficit Hypothesis, or PDH (Ullman and Pierpont, 2005), though additional research is needed to further investigate a number of issues. In sum, this study highlights the importance of simultaneously considering multiple memory systems and their interactions in developing our understanding of the nature of the language difficulties in SLI. This research was supported by Wellcome Trust Grant #079305. “
“Synaesthesia is a condition in which one property of a stimulus induces a conscious experience of an additional attribute. For example, in grapheme-colour synaesthesia, a visually presented grapheme results in synaesthetic experiences of colour.

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