To assess the effects of CHO10 on cell proliferation, HER2-positive and -negative cells were treated with different concentrations of CHO10 for 48 h. The growth of the tested cell lines was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, CHO10-mediated growth inhibition was more potent in the AU-565, BT474 and SK-BR-3 cell lines, which are all HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells (Cho et al., 2010 and Chrestensen et al., 2007). The growth inhibition caused by a 5 μM treatment of CHO10 was 88.6% in AU-565, 87.7% in BT474 and 87.1% in SK-BR-3; the growth inhibition of CHO10 was 65.0% in MCF-7, which is a breast cancer cell line that expresses a basal level of HER2,

Angiogenesis inhibitor and 40.2% in HEK293, which is a HER2-negative human embryonic kidney cells (Fig. 2A). Overall, these results suggest that CHO10 preferentially suppresses the growth of HER2-overexpressing

cancer cells. The percentage of apoptotic cells in the sub G1 peak of compound-treated SK-BR-3 was analyzed by FACS. As displayed in Fig. 2B, after the SK-BR-3 cells were check details treated with 10 μM of each compound for 24 h, a greater number of CHO10-treated cells (48.1%) started to undergo apoptosis than those treated with CHO3 (29.8%) or canertinib (30.8%). CHO10 induced apoptosis in the SK-BR-3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was detected by observing the increase of the sub G1 peak in Fig. 2C and D. Cleaved PARP was used as a marker for apoptosis and was measured by western blotting.

CHO10 induced the corresponding increase of the PARP cleavage more potently than CHO3 but less potently than canertinib (Fig. 2E). Caspase-3 cleavage was not detected in the SK-BR-3 cells when they were treated with 10 μM CHO10 (Fig. 3A) for up to 8 h, even though CHO10-induced PARP cleavage was observed (Fig. 2E). To confirm this observation, the viability of SK-BR-3 cells was measured after treatment with CHO10 at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 15 and 25 μM in the absence and presence of 2 μM z-VAD-FMK for 48 h. The CHO10-induced cell death was not prevented by the use of the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor z-VAD-FMK, as shown in Fig. 3B. The combination of CHO10 Histone demethylase and TAM exhibited greater inhibition of cell proliferation than TAM alone or the combination of TAM and canertinib (Fig. 4) in BT474 cells. The breast cancer cell line BT474 comprises ER-positive breast cancer cells and expresses high levels of amplified in breast cancer I (AIB1) and HER2. Because of these characteristics, BT474 is a perfect experimental model for TAM-resistance in ER-positive breast cancer cells (Su et al., 2008). Co-treatment of BT474 cells with CHO10 (1 μM) and TAM inhibited cell growth more strongly than TAM alone, accounting for 16.1% to 84.3% growth inhibition when treated with 5 μM of TAM for 72 h.