2012). Social deprivation stress leads to the development of anxiety in mice, and this appears to be modulated by reductions in BDNF (Berry et al. 2012). In a cross-sectional study of a healthy population, plasma BDNF levels were negatively associated with somatization, obsessive–compulsiveness, interpersonal sensitivity, and anxiety (Bhang et al. 2012). Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical BDNF may also be a modulatory factor in the development of PTSD (Rakofsky et al. 2012). Another NT that appears important in anxiety regulation is nerve growth factor (NGF). NGF is increased under conditions of stress in

both animal models and humans (Aloe et al. 1986, 1994, 2002), and appears to be important in resilience to stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders (for review see Alleva and Francia 2009). Interestingly, animal models demonstrate that increases in release of NGF are most marked under conditions of stressful behavioral interactions between Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical animals, with lesser increases seen under physical restraint stress (Aloe et al. 1986; Branchi et al. 2004; Alleva and Francia 2009). Further evidence suggests that levels of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) in the hippocampus are decreased in animals with higher anxiety and lower response to novelty (Perez et al. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 2009) and that early life administration of FGF2 is able to prevent increased

anxiety in later life (Turner et al. 2011). Maternal exercise can lead to increased expression of NTs, including VEGF and BDNF, in the PFC of offspring Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical that is associated with decreased anxiety (Aksu et al. 2012). Exercise also appears able to protect against the negative effect of maternal deprivation on expression of these NTs (Uysal et al. 2011). Cigarette smoking and nicotine in particular

appear to exert effects Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical on expression of NTs, although the literature is sparse and heterogeneous. For example, cigarette smoking and repeated nicotine exposure has been associated with decreased expression of BDNF in animal models (Yeom et al. 2005; Tuon et al. 2010). In addition, plasma levels of BDNF are significantly lower in smokers than nonsmokers in human studies, with levels increasing with greater duration of smoking abstinence (Kim et al. 2007; Bhang et al. 2010). However, other results have suggested that nicotine exerts a positive effect on BDNF levels. For example, nicotine administration has been associated with increased levels of BDNF and FGF-2 in animal Adenosine triphosphate striatum (Maggio et al. 1997). The neurotrophic augmenting effects of nicotine in this situation is hypothesized to underpin a therapeutic learn more benefit of cholinergic stimulation on Parkinson’s disease by protecting dopaminergic neurons from damage. In a further study, traumatic brain injury revealed a positive effect of chronic cigarette smoking on BDNF expression (Lee et al. 2012). Nicotine exposure has also been associated with significant increases in NGF (French et al.

The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the CDC. “
“Recently, we have produced MK8776 Sabin-IPV (inactivated polio vaccine based on attenuated Sabin strains) clinical lots under cGMP for phase I safety (and indicative immunogenicity) studies in human adults and infants [1] and [2]. The applied production process was based on a scale-down model of the Salk-IPV

manufacturing process [3]. The use of this scale-down model allowed fast development of a first generation Sabin-IPV, for which the specifications are closely related to that for the regular IPV product [2]. Parallel to this fast-track development an optimization and modernization research program for the manufacturing of Sabin-IPV was started. Examples of modernization are replacement of the used animal derived components (e.g. bovine serum and porcine Libraries trypsin) and antibiotics. These components should preferably be omitted (for the antibiotics primarily to prevent any potential allergic reaction), or respectively replaced by

animal component free (ACF) alternatives to minimize the risk of adverse effects (e.g. the potential transfer of viruses and/or prions). Moreover, a better scientific understanding of the process, resulting in improved process control and ability for troubleshooting, Selleckchem NVP-BGJ398 can be created. Optimization improvements can possibly be found in the currently used, low cell densities (1 × 106 cells mL−1). Assuming comparable virus quality and yields per cell, the use of increased cell densities can potentially result in more efficient use of bioreactor capacity, and ultimately reduce the cost per dose. The demand for IPV is increasing as in 2012 the WHO SAGE group advised all countries to introduce at least one dose IPV in their routine

immunization schedules [4]. With the increased IPV demands, which will further Rolziracetam increase after oral polio vaccine (OPV) cessation, the production capacity will have to increase by scale-up and optimization causing the current IPV price of $ 3.00 per dose to decrease to $ 0.52–$ 1.95 [5]. This is still four to fifteen times the current price of OPV (cost per dose $ 0.14), the vaccine used in most countries. Process optimization for IPV manufacturing will be needed to be able to further reduce manufacturing costs below $ 0.50 to keep polio vaccination economically feasible when switching from OPV to IPV [6]. Here we report initial studies where four different adherent Vero cell cultivation methods were applied using ACF cell culture media: (i) batch, the currently used method for Sabin-IPV preparation; (ii) semi-batch, where daily media refreshments were applied; (iii) perfusion where continuous media refreshment was applied; and (iv) recirculation where media was circulated through the bioreactor and re-used.

Internal Review Board waived the need of ethical approval

due to the nature of the study. And the the aim of this research is to conduct an in-depth investigation into road accidents that have generated severe injuries (major trauma and potential ones) in the metropolitan area of Florence, and to reconstruct the causes and the mechanisms of the injuries. Moreover, the study aims to collect information regarding the disabilities sustained by the injured in order to evaluate their social costs, and also to determine what changes and improvements Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to vehicle design might mitigate or prevent these injuries in the future. To this purpose, a network of physicians, statisticians and engineers Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical was established to link environmental data acquired on the scene of the accident with crash parameters and clinical information about the injuries. The study selected all the road

accidents where at least one of the persons involved was admitted to the ICU with a diagnosis of major trauma, i.e. an ISS greater than 15. None dead on-scene or in the ER case were collected in this study. The working team, named In-SAFE team, is composed by ICU physicians, engineers and statisticians. Sampling area and representatives The road accidents analyzed in this study were Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in the metropolitan area of the city of Florence. This area is made up of nine municipalities, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical covers a surface of 466 km2, with a population of approximately 604.000 people (Figure 1). The sampling

area is mainly composed by urban zones and in small part by extra urban areas. Figure 1 Sampling Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical area. Since 2005, the trauma network of the Tuscan Region has organized the ICU, which works on major trauma through the hub/spoke system. For the Province of Florence, the hub hospital of reference is the Careggi Teaching Hospital which receives all major traumas of patients that are more than 16 years old. In 2010, Florence was the province with highest number of road accidents and injured in Vasopressin Receptor Tuscany (Figure 2). Sixty-five percent of the major traumas in Tuscany were caused by road accidents, and only 3% of these occurred on c-Met inhibitor highways. The access for major trauma to the ER of the Careggi Teaching Hospital confirms the regional trend (Figure 3). Therefore, the metropolitan area selected should ensure that the distribution of the sample is similar to the TTR. Figure 2 Number of road accidents and injured in Tuscany for 2010. Figure 3 Number of major trauma in Tuscany and at the Careggi University Hospital for 2010. An in-depth multidisciplinary investigation With the cooperation of the police forces, the In-SAFE team acquires general information about: the crash scene, e.g.

6% alive at one year in the RT (+) group versus 37.5% in the RT (-) group (P=0.15). Median OS was 12.5 versus 9.1 months for the RT (+) group and RT (-) groups, respectively (Figure 2). Figure 1 Progression free survival (months) Figure 2 Overall survival (months) In patients

with good or excellent performance status (ECOG 0-1), subset analysis showed that PFS was 10.5 months compared to 7.6 months for the RT (+) and RT (-) groups, respectively (P=0.7574). The median OS was 12.2 months versus 7.6 months for the RT (+) groups and RT (-) groups, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical respectively (P=0.54) in the ECOG 0-1 subset. Discussion The role of combined therapy for LAPC continues to evolve. The goals of radiotherapy in LAPC include improvement in local control and palliation of pain and/or obstructive symptoms. Trials of chemoradiation versus chemotherapy alone in LAPC

have reported mixed findings regarding survival and are summarized in Table 4 (4-6,9,10). In a trial conducted by the Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Group (5), the effect of concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in LAPC was evaluated and a benefit in survival from combined modality therapy Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical was noted. The chemoradiation arm consisted of radiation combined with 5-fluorouracil to a total dose of 54 Gy in 1.8 Gy fractions followed by maintenance streptozocin, mitomycin and 5-fluorouracil (SMF). The chemotherapy-only arm was SMF combination chemotherapy for two years or until progression. In this trial, the one-year OS was 41% in the chemoradiation arm compared to 19% in the chemotherapy-alone arm (P<0.02). Table 4 Randomized trials comparing chemoradiation versus chemotherapy Modern chemotherapy and radiation techniques have been tested in two recent phase III trials evaluating the efficacy Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of chemoradiation. In the trial by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E4201), patients with LAPC were randomly assigned to chemoradiation (50.4 Gy in 28 fractions) with concurrent gemcitabine (600 mg/m2 ZD1839 molecular weight weekly ×6) followed by 5 cycles of gemcitabine alone (1,000 mg/m2 weekly ×3 every 4 wks) versus

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical gemcitabine alone (1,000 mg/m2 weekly ×3 every 4 wks) for 7 cycles. This trial showed that chemoradiation was associated with a slightly improved PAK6 survival (11 versus 9.2 months, P=0.044) (4). In a second recent study by Chauffert et al. reported in 2008 (10), chemoradiation was delivered to a total dose of 60 Gy concurrently with cisplatin (20 mg/m2/day, days 1-5 during weeks 1 and 5) and 5-fluorouracil (300 mg/m2/day, days 1-5 for 6 weeks). The chemotherapy-alone arm consisted of gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2 weekly for 7 weeks). Maintenance gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2 weekly, 3/4 weeks) was given in both arms until disease progression or toxicity. Overall survival in this trial was shorter in the chemoradiotherapy arm (13.0 vs. 8.6 months, P=0.044) and these patients experienced a higher rate of grade 3-4 toxicity compared with the chemotherapy arm (66% vs. 40% respectively; P=0.0008).

52 In living subjects, kidney mass is obtainable by weighing the donor kidney prior to transplantation and has proven to have clinical relevance (vide infra). Kidney Volume Kidney volume can be readily measured by ultrasound. Spencer et al. found relatively lower kidney volumes in LBW Australian Aboriginal children aged 5–18 when adjusted for body size.60 In contrast, Rakow et al. did not find a significant difference between kidney volumes of individuals who had been term AGA, term SGA, or preterm, when adjusting for body surface Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical area (BSA), gender, and age.61 Kidney

size is dependent on AUY-922 chemical structure nephron number and the degree of nephron hypertrophy and is strongly correlated

with current body size.15 In fetuses and at birth, kidney volume is proportional to nephron number; however, subsequently, normal kidney growth (impacted Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by BSA, age, and gender), glomerulomegaly (hypertrophy due to low nephron number, obesity, etc.), and nephron loss through injury are likely to affect kidney volume disproportionately, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical making a direct relationship less clear.60 Among young adults born prematurely (either AGA or SGA) compared with term age-matched controls, prematurity was associated with smaller kidneys at age 20 years, whereas IUGR had only a small, non-significant effect.62 Kidney volume may

therefore not be ideally reliable as a surrogate for nephron endowment. CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMPAIRED DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING IN THE KIDNEY Nephron Number, Size, and Blood Pressure In adult animals, surgical removal of one kidney under varying circumstances and in different Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical species does not always result in spontaneous hypertension Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and renal disease.63 In contrast, however, uni-nephrectomy on postnatal day 1 in rats, or fetal uni-nephrectomy in sheep, i.e. loss of nephrons at a time when nephrogenesis is still on-going, does lead to adult hypertension prior to any evidence of renal injury.64–66 These data support the possibility that intrauterine or also congenital reduction in nephron number may elicit different compensatory responses compared to later nephron loss, augmenting the risk of hypertension. Consistent with this view, kidneys from rats that underwent uni-nephrectomy at day 3 of age had similar total number but a greater proportion of immature glomeruli in adulthood, compared with those who underwent nephrectomy at day 120 of age.67 In addition, mean glomerular volume in neonatally nephrectomized rats was increased by 59% compared with 20% in adult nephrectomized rats, suggesting a greater degree of compensatory hypertrophy and hyperfunction in response to neonatal nephrectomy.

Especially the expression of integrin-α6 seems to be an interesting hallmark in these changes. However, the detected changes (mostly an up-regulation) in mRNA expression were not reflected at the protein level and location, as detected by an IHC approach. This indicates that either the protein regulation is more complex than just based on mRNA expression or the histochemical approach was not able to detect the subtle integrin changes induced by LVAD support, or both. In

summary, #Modulators randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# despite previous reports on changes in integrin expression after LVAD support, suggesting a role as anchoring proteins in reverse remodeling, the changes observed in the present study on integrin expression and basal membrane protein expression showed no or in most cases only marginal changes. However, this does not exclude a role for these molecules in remodeling as such. The set of tissues pre- and post-LVAD tissues analyzed in this study is unique in its composition and availability. However, the group of LVAD patients studied was relatively small and this makes statistical analysis on the influence of medication, age, and gender difficult. No significant differences were observed in patients (both DCM and IHD) that received additional treatment or not. Also, the duration of support varied (55–548 days), which might have influenced the data. However, the changes in expression Selleck BKM120 of integrins

(if observed at all) did not show any significant correlation with time of support (data not shown). A final limitation is the availability of control heart

tissue. We used myocardial tissues from autopsy hearts from patients without cardiac problems and Oxalosuccinic acid non-used donor hearts. No differences were observed in integrin expression between both controls in this study. The pre- and post-LVAD myocardial tissues were directly fixed or frozen after operation and were therefore relatively fresh. Still, we cannot totally exclude that this has influenced the comparison between LVAD tissues and controls. Dr. M.F.M. Van Oosterhout was supported by the Nederlandse Hartstichting (Dutch Heart Foundation); project number 2004T31. “
“Anatomical coronary dominance is defined by the origin of the posterior descending artery (PDA). Left coronary dominance has been shown to be associated with aortic valve disorders in multiple studies [1], [2], [3] and [4]. More recently, the relation between arterial dominance and coronary artery disease (CAD) has been described, including the severity of CAD and prognosis after an acute coronary syndrome [5], [6] and [7]. In patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome, left coronary dominance was independently associated with increased long-term mortality This could imply that, on the long term, there will be a relative decrease of patients with left arterial dominance in the population.

3 A block design study presented simultaneous visual and auditory stimuli to first-episode neuroleptic-naïve patients. Reduced activation in parietal lobes and right thalamus and prefrontal

cortex, implicated in the dorsal visual processing pathway, was observed in patients.10 Diminished activation in patients in prefrontal regions implicated in regulating inhibition was reported in a study of the inhibitory P300 for a NoGo condition.11 A three-stimulus auditory oddball task showed diffuse cortical and subcortical hypofunction during target detection and novelty processing in schizophrenia. Individuals with prodromal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical symptoms demonstrated smaller differential activation in frontal regions between relevant

and irrelevant stimuli.12 In a visual oddball study, patients and healthy Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical participants showed activation patterns specific to targets and novels, and activation of both neural systems was associated with faster performance.13 Specifically, reduced activation in regions involved in target and novelty processing in patients was accompanied by increased activation in circuits related to elaborated stimulus processing. For targets, abnormal activation was noted in regions related to ideational and visual association, and for novels Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical patients overactivated sensory and frontal areas related to visualspatial processing and working memory ( Figure 2.) Thus, the attenuated electrophysiological response to targets seen in event-related potential studies may Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical relate to insufficient

top-down activation of target circuitry, while the attenuated evoked response to novel distractors reflects over-processing of bottom-up events. Notably, abnormal activation in patients was associated with more severe symptoms. Figure 2. Examples of stimuli used in “oddball” studies of http://www.selleckchem.com/products/nlg919.html attentional processing (top) and contrast images of patients with schizophrenia and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical comparison subjects for target and novel stimuli. Greater activation in patients is depicted by the blue … Abnormal activation of frontotemporal regions has been further investigated in relation to more complex downstream processes.5,6 Verbal learning deficits are well established in schizophrenia, and fMRI studies have consistently demonstrated abnormalities during the learning phase in frontotemporal circuits. the Most studies have reported decreased activation of the frontal cortex, especially the inferior prefrontal region, in schizophrenia. The data are less consistent with regard to the temporal lobe. Most studies have observed decreased activation in patients in the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, but other studies have noted increased activation. As emphasized earlier, performance may be a contributing factor as the studies differ in their approach to performance. Event-related fMRI studies have shown deficits in working memory and cognitive control in schizophrenia.

The authors acknowledge that the trial was underpowered with only 40 participants, which resulted in fairly imprecise effect sizes. The trial showed promising results with benefits in physical function, pain, and psychological measures. As expected,

the effects on pain and function started declining when treatment sessions ended. However, benefits in psychological measures persisted as far as 48 weeks. The study should be replicated on a larger scale in order to confirm the results. http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pexidartinib-plx3397.html Current guidelines consider non-pharmacological treatment modalities as the cornerstones in modern management of OA with information, exercise, and weight loss as core treatments (NICE 2008). Although this trial involved instruction by a Tai Chi master and selected participants, the study results might encourage physiotherapists to consider Tai Chi as an alternative, or additional, form of exercise for persons with knee OA. “
“Summary of: Engebretsen K, Grotle M, Bautz-Holter E, Sandvik L, Juel NG, Ekeberg OM, et al (2009) inhibitors radial extracorporeal shockwave treatment compared with supervised exercises in patients with subacromial pain syndrome: single blind

randomised study. BMJ 339: b3360. [Prepared by Nicholas Taylor, CAP Editor.] Question: Do supervised exercises improve shoulder pain and disability more than radial extracorporeal shockwave treatment in patients with subacromial impingement of the shoulder? Design: Randomised, controlled trial with concealed allocation and blinded RAD001 in vivo outcome assessment. Setting: An outpatient clinic in Norway. Participants: Adults with shoulder pain however for at least 3 months and with clinical signs of subacromial impingement were included. Key exclusion criteria included previous shoulder surgery, shoulder instability, and rheumatoid

arthritis. Randomisation allocated 52 patients to supervised exercises and 52 patients to radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy. Interventions: The exercise group participated in two 45-minute sessions each week for up to 12 weeks. The exercise sessions were supervised by a physiotherapist and emphasised reducing subacromial stress (including the use of manual techniques), relearning normal movement patterns, and progressing to loaded rotator cuff endurance training. The comparison group received radial extracorporeal shockwave treatment administered to 3–5 tender points once a week for 4–6 weeks. Outcome measures: The primary outcome was the difference in shoulder pain and disability at 6, 12, and 18 weeks. It was measured with the shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI)-a self-report questionnaire with scores ranging from 0 to 100; higher scores indicate worse shoulder pain and disability. Secondary outcome measures included pain intensity during rest and activity, specific questions about shoulder function, and work status. Results: One hundred participants completed the study.

Our interest in this area stemmed from clinical observations that estrogen acts beyond its traditional targets in the hypothalamus and pituitary, and influences other facets of brain function involved in memory and

neurodegeneration. Since neurodegenerative events occur frequently in elderly women who are chronically hypoestrogenic, the results of these studies carry profound implications in the clinical setting. Thus, it is important, to determine Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical whether and how ERT can ameliorate neural dysfunction. Estrogen and cognition Clinical studies demonstrate that estrogen influences memory and cognition,6,17-22 and can protect against neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.10,11,23-30 These findings, however, are not without Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical controversy. As the results of more clinical studies become available, we are beginning to appreciate that, the protective actions of estrogen do not apply in all situations.31-33 Many studies have examined whether ERT

improves cognitive function. The majority of data show that estrogen can enhance cognitive function in both young22 and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical older women.19,21,34 It appears that by maintaining normal cognitive function, estrogen may further act to decrease the risk and delay the onset, of AD.10,26,28-35 Importantly, estrogen docs not exert actions on all aspects of memory. It is critical to consider that memory is a broad term describing several distinct neural functions, many Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of which originate in different and overlapping regions of the brain. Thus, it is not surprising that estrogen may learn more influence specific subtypes of memory. For example, some,17,19,34 but not all,36 studies show that ERT appears to specifically enhance immediate and delayed recall of verbal information. Other reports indicate that the beneficial actions of ERT on cognition include improvement of visuospatial memory.37,38

Estrogen and Alzheimer’s disease Several studies have examined whether ERT decreases the risk, delays the onset, or stops the progression of neurodegeneration caused by AD. Estrogen has been shown to decrease Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the risk for AD10 or induce a modest improvement, in cognitive function in individuals with AD.11,35,39,40 However, other studies have reported no difference in cognitive function also between estrogen- and placebo-treated individuals.41-43 A recent cohort, study43 failed to detect slowing of AD progression or improvement of cognitive and functional outcomes in women with mild-to-modcratc AD treated with Premarin®. The results of this study and those of other studies31-33 strongly suggest, that estrogen may fail to reverse or even halt a disease process that has already been initiated. Therefore, while it is clear that estrogen can influence certain aspects of cognitive function and decrease the risk for AD, it remains controversial whether it can act against an existing neurodegenerative condition. Taken together, the findings of these studies indicate that estrogen may protect the brain through primary prevention.

48-53 In Durham et al’s48 study psychoanalytic therapy had within-group positive effects, but these effects were significantly inferior to those of CBT immediately after the test, and at 1-year follow-up. One should also mention that the psychoanalytic method used by White49 was less than optimal. Rogerian nondirective therapy in GAD Two studies reported Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical equal effects

of Rogerian therapy and CBT. Two reported a better effect of CBT. Further studies should be done to clarify this point. Table II also presents the outcomes of these four studies.50-53 Table II. Generalized anxiety disorder: cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) versus other therapies. ST, supportive therapy. Posttraumatic stress disorder CBT in PTSD Methods Treatment of PTSD is the center of a growing interest in the literature. Th erapeutic programs involve relaxation, which is beneficial in case of high emotional arousal, exposure to avoided situations or images related to the trauma, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and CT. Five methods have been proposed. All the methods IPI-145 mouse insist on the necessity of respecting the pace of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the patient to reach the peak of the horror that, is at the center of the traumatic experience. Systematic desensitization presents the feared stimuli in imagination under relaxation in a graded way prior to in vivo

exposure. Exposure in imagination and in vivo aims at habituating the patient to the aversive stimulus, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by reducing abnormal reactivity and avoidance. In vivo exposure to the nondangerous situations being avoided is then suggested. Stress management emphasizes the development, of coping strategies to deal with fears (relaxation, social skills training [SST], modification of anxious verbalization, or thought

stopping). Cognitive therapy Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical also suggests exposure in imagination and representation of coping strategies, but puts a greater emphasis on dealing with automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes (personalization, guilt, illusion of a safe world, and necessity of revenge). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) consists in inducing eye movements when concentrated on feared imagery, bodily sensations, and negative statements associated with the trauma, in order to reduce anxiety and hence modify cognition in a positive way.54 Sessions last. 90 minutes and are limited to 4 or 5. This method was hypothesized Megestrol Acetate to work on neuropsychological functions. In fact, there is no clear evidence that EMDR is no more than a variant of the usual CBT programs. A controlled study55 found that EMDR with or without ocular movements gave the same positive outcomes as a standard psychiatric procedure at. posttest and a 6-month follow-up. Nonspecific factors might be implied in EMDR. Outcomes: meta-analysis Most, of the studies showed positive results. TTtierc is no difference in outcomes between CT and BT56 About 60% of patients respond to the treatment. Follow-up studies seldom exceed 6 months or 1 year.