PubMed 54. Cowie A, Cheng J, Sibley CD, Fong Y, Zaheer R, Patten CL, Morton RM, Golding GB, Finan TM: An integrated approach to functional genomics: construction of a novel reporter gene fusion library for Sinorhizobium meliloti . Appl Environ Microbiol 2006,72(11):7156–7167.PubMedCrossRef 55. Leigh JA, Signer ER, Walker GC: Exopolysaccharide-deficient mutants of Rhizobium meliloti that form ineffective nodules. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985,82(18):6231–6235.PubMedCrossRef

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GA, Deegan S, Walker GC, Signer ER: Symbiotic mutants of Rhizobium meliloti that uncouple plant from bacterial differentiation. Cell 1985,40(4):869–877.PubMedCrossRef 59. Studier FW, Moffatt BA: Use of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase to direct selective high-level expression of cloned genes. J Mol Biol 1986,189(1):113–130.PubMedCrossRef 60. Meade HM, Long SR, Ruvkun GB, Brown SE, Ausubel FM: Physical and genetic characterization of symbiotic and auxotrophic mutants of Rhizobium meliloti induced by transposon Tn5 mutagenesis. J Bacteriol 1982,149(1):114–122.PubMed 61. Kovach ME, Elzer PH, Hill DS, Robertson GT, Farris MA, Roop RM, Peterson KM: Four new derivatives of the broad-host-range cloning vector pBBR1MCS, carrying different antibiotic-resistance cassettes. Gene 1995,166(1):175–176.PubMedCrossRef Authors’ contributions CB performed mutants’ construction, CF, MA and VD carried out experiments concerning their phenotype characterization. AT Immune system performed gel shift experiments. AT and CB discussed the results and elaborated the final version of manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.”
“Background

The frequently-encountered multi-antibiotic resistance of MRSA has become a major health problem [1, 2]. The prevalence of MRSA isolates, most of which are health care associated, has slowly increased since 1982, and the appearance and increasing incidence of community-associated MRSA infections has been documented. Globally, methicillin resistance among nosocomial S. aureus isolates is common [3, 4]. Fusidic acid has been used to treat infections with S. aureus for over 35 years. It is usually used in combination with agents such as vancomycin or rifampin in the treatment of systemic infections caused by MRSA [5]. Fusidic acid inhibits protein synthesis by blocking the elongation of the nascent polypeptide chain through binding to EF-G on the ribosome and preventing the dissociation of EF-G⋅GDP from the ribosome [6, 7].

The stack data were Y-27632 first aligned using the Zimba procedure [17] which uses the cross correlation of successive images.

The reference spectra of protein and DNA [18] were then normalized to an absorbance of 1 nm of material using the theoretical absorption calculated using the composition and density [19]. The stack data of chromosomes were then converted into individual component maps (thickness in nanometers) using the single value decomposition (SVD) method that uses the linear regression fitting of the reference spectra. Results and discussion Classical banding protocols for studying chromosomes provide only the basic morphological information regarding the structures of chromosomes, while spectral karyotyping using nanoscale imaging techniques is chromosome specific and provides additional chemical information and improved characterization of aberrant chromosomes that contain DNA sequences not identifiable using conventional banding methods. The chromosome number of Chenopodium quinoa is 2n = 4X = 36 with a diploid genome of 967 Mbp, but the chromosome sizes are very small and basically without distinguishing parameters to be able to enable traditional karyotyping or develop biomarker libraries. Our optimized protocol helped to successfully

isolate chromosomes from the quinoa root tip and was able to image Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library without staining using SEM, AFM, STXM, and CLSM. The SEM (Figure 1) and AFM (Figure 2) images of quinoa chromosomes showed a preserved cylindrical morphology with length ranging between 600 and 3,100 nm. A total of 32 chromosomes are visible as a set using AFM, out of which two pairs of chromosomes with secondary constriction are distinguished. PtdIns(3,4)P2 Out of 36, only 32 chromosomes are being observed (Figure 2A) in the AFM image mainly due to the smaller size of chromosomes not facilitating the analysis and possibly due to chromosome rearrangements. The

quinoa chromosome as imaged using AFM appears ‘mushy’ and is smaller than normal-sized chromosomes of other species. The length of chromosomes ranges between 600 nm to 3.1 μm. A region of interest was selected to provide the cross-sectional profile of the quinoa chromosomes. The thickness of quinoa chromosomes as observed through a typical cross-section profile of AFM imaging shows that the chromosome thickness is not uniform and varies between 160 to 310 nm (Figure 2B). This indicates the occurrence of condensation of chromatin fiber in the early metaphase stage. Figure 1 Air-dried processed scanning electron microscopy image of quinoa chromosomes. The chromosomes appear uniformly dense with scarcely distinguishing parameters. The centromere is barely visible. Scale bar, 5 μm. Figure 2 Topography, surface analysis, and section profile. (A) The topography was recorded in air using intermittent contact mode AFM. The topography exhibits a vertical brightness range of 300 nm.

Thus, the area ratio of D band to G band (ID/IG) indicates that structure quality. It was obvious that the MWCNTs/GnPs hybrid materials had the lowest ratio (0.3051) compared to MWCNTs-OH (0.8435), MWCNT-PACl (0.7254), and GnPs-OH (0.3653). The change on the ratio

of ID/IG meant that a higher defect level was caused by the grafting the polymer chain Ixazomib molecular weight onto the wide surface area of graphene as well as to the passivation of dangling bonds onto the surface of the MWCNTs [18]. Figure 5 Raman spectra images. (a) MWCNTs-OH. (b) MWCNTs-PACl. (c) GnPs-OH. (d) MWCNTs/GnPs hybrid materials. In addition, it should be noted that the G band of MWCNTs was divided into two bands, and the new D′ band at 1,604 cm−1 could be related to the extent

of the disorder [19, 20]. It was worth noting that the D′ band was hardly observed for other samples, which indicated that GnPs and hybrid materials have the smallest amount of impurities. Consequently, the hybrid materials possess higher mechanical properties and thermal conductivity with high crystalline structures [11, 21]. Thermal gravimetric analysis Figure 6 showed the thermogravimetric curves for various samples. The weight-loss behavior of MWCNTs/GnPs (Figure 6c) and MWCNTs-PACl (Figure 6d) could be explained in comparison with those of GnPs-OH (Figure 6a), MWCNTs-OH (Figure 6b), and PACl (Figure 6e). Under N2 atmosphere, the GnPs-OH (Figure 6a) and MWCNTs-OH GSI-IX (Figure 6b) showed a slight weight loss owing to the removal of the hydroxyl groups generated by the acid treatment [13]. Neat PACl (Figure 6e) lost about 97% of its original weight before 600°C, and there were two identified stages. The weight loss between 200°C and 300°C was assigned to the decomposition of the side groups of PACl, and the weight loss between 320°C and 550°C was likely due eltoprazine to the decomposition of the polymer backbone. Similarly, the curves for MWCNTs-PACl (Figure 6d) and MWCNTs/GnPs hybrid materials (Figure 6c) almost coincided with the curves of the neat PACl underwent a two-stage weight reduction in the same temperature regions. As shown in Figure 6c, besides the weight loss of PACl occurring at about 400°C, the initial

weight loss after 500°C resulted from the presence of GnPs-OH. By referring to the formula in [22], we calculated that the residual weight fraction of polymer on MWCNTs-PACl was about 72% and that of GN-OH on hybrid was about 11% at 600°C. From characterization results of TGA, TEM, and SEM, the covalent linkage of PACl molecules on the surface of MWCNTs and GnPs was confirmed [23]. Figure 6 TG curves. (a) GnPs-OH. (b) MWCNTs-OH. (c) MWCNTs/GnPs hybrid materials. (d) MWCNTs-PACl. (e) PACl. Conclusions In summary, MWCNTs/GnPs hybrid materials can be successfully obtained by a facile method using PACl as a bridge. MWCNTs were assembled onto the surface of GnPs through the reaction of the hydroxyl groups of GnPs and the acyl chloride groups of PACl.

Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007, 18:583–590.PubMedCrossRef 19. Zaas DW, Duncan M, Rae Wright J, Abraham SN: The role of lipid rafts in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005, 1746:305–313.PubMedCrossRef 20. Zhang Y, Li X, Becker KA, Gulbins E: Ceramide-enriched membrane domains-Structure and function. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009, 1788:178–183.PubMedCrossRef 21. Cuevas WA, Songer JG: Arcanobacterium haemolyticum phospholipase D is genetically and functionally similar to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis phospholipase D. Infect Immun 1993,

61:4310–4316.PubMed 22. Jenkins GM, Frohman MA: Phospholipase D: a lipid centric review. Cell Molec Life Sci 2005, 62:2305–2316.PubMedCrossRef 23. van Meeteren LA, Frederiks F, Giepmans BN, Pedrosa MF, Billington SJ, Jost BH, Tambourgi DV, Moolenaar WH: Spider and bacterial sphingomyelinases BGJ398 supplier D target cellular lysophosphatidic acid receptors by hydrolyzing lysophosphatidylcholine. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:10833–10836.PubMedCrossRef

24. El Alwani M, Wu BX, Obeid LM, Hannun YA: Bioactive sphingolipids in the modulation of the inflammatory response. Pharmacol Ther 2006, 112:171–183.PubMedCrossRef 25. McNamara PJ, Bradley GA, Songer JG: Targeted mutagenesis of the phospholipase D gene results in decreased virulence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis . Molec Microbiol 1994, 12:921–930.CrossRef 26. Tambourgi DV, De Sousa Da Adenosine Silva M, Billington SJ, Goncalves De Andrade RM, Magnoli FC, Songer JG, Van Den Berg CW: Mechanism of selleck chemicals induction

of complement susceptibility of erythrocytes by spider and bacterial sphingomyelinases. Immunology 2002, 107:93–101.PubMedCrossRef 27. Yozwiak ML, Songer JG: Effect of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis phospholipase D on viability and chemotactic responses of ovine neutrophils. Am J Vet Res 1993, 54:392–397.PubMed 28. Murakami MT, Fernandes-Pedrosa MF, Tambourgi DV, Arni RK: Structural basis for metal ion coordination and the catalytic mechanism of sphingomyelinases D. J Biol Chem 2005, 280:13658–13664.PubMedCrossRef 29. Tambourgi DV, Petricevich VL, Magnoli FC, Assaf SL, Jancar S, Da Silva WD: Endotoxemic-like shock induced by Loxosceles spider venoms: pathological changes and putative cytokine mediators. Toxicon 1998, 36:391–403.PubMedCrossRef 30. Tambourgi DV, Magnoli FC, van den Berg CW, Morgan BP, de Araujo PS, Alves EW, Da Silva WD: Sphingomyelinases in the venom of the spider Loxosceles intermedia are responsible for both dermonecrosis and complement-dependent hemolysis. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1998, 251:366–373.PubMedCrossRef 31. Wilderman PJ, Vasil AI, Johnson Z, Vasil ML: Genetic and biochemical analyses of a eukaryotic-like phospholipase D of Pseudomonas aeruginosa suggest horizontal acquisition and a role for persistence in a chronic pulmonary infection model. Molec Microbiol 2001, 39:291–303.CrossRef 32.

Case presentation A 83-year-old Caucasian woman was admitted to our hospital due to a low energy fracture of her left hip. The initial assessment in the Emergency Department revealed pallor, tachycardia

and a systolic blood pressure of 110 mmHg. Her past medical history included coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension and depression for which the patient was under medication over the last three years. On her way to the radiology department the patient sustained a cardiac arrest. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) started immediately and she was intubated. CPR was successful and the patient was subsequently transferred to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). During her stay in the ICU, the vasoconstricting agent noradrenaline had to be installed in order to support her circulation and Selleck Abiraterone after a few hours she developed increasing abdominal distension and severe metabolic acidocis (PH = 7.14 with

a Standard Base Excess = − 13.6 mEq/L). The patient underwent a multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) examination from the dome of the diaphragm to the symphysis pubis with a 6-row multidetector CT (Philips, Brilliance 6); using biphasic CT protocol for the abdomen without oral contrast administration. A 120 ml non-ionic contrast medium (350mg/ml iobitridol) and 50 ml of normal saline flush were administered intravenously with a power injector at a flow GSK3235025 cell line rate 3mls/s, with scan delay for starting arterial and portal-venous phases at 10s and 100s, respectively. Image acquisitions parameters were: 5 mm slice thickness, slice collimation of 1.5 mm, pitch 1, 140 kV and 120mAs. In the arterial phase, MDCT showed at least two focal areas of high attenuation (> 90 HU) within the lumen of the ascending colon and caecum suggestive of active bleeding [11]. Axial CT images at the level of the upper and the middle abdomen demonstrated thickened caecal and ascending colon wall (up to 11.5 mm) [12, 13] with increased

density due to intravenous contrast enhancement, pericaecal fat stranding and low-attenuation areas of intraperitoneal fluid at the root of the mesentery, at the perihepatic and Morrison’s spaces (Figures 1 2). No endoluminal defect of mesenteric arteries and veins was noted. Figure 1 Axial CT image at arterial phase demonstrates a Farnesyltransferase thickened caecal wall. A focal area of high attenuation suggesting active bleeding is seen in the lumen of the caecum. Figure 2 Axial CT image at venous phase shows intraperitoneal fluid and pericaecal fat stranding. The above CT findings were suggestive of intestinal ischaemia and in association with the patient’s deterioration an exploratory laparotomy was undertaken which revealed ischaemia of the terminal ileum and extensive colonic necrosis sparing only the proximal third of the transverse colon. The rectum was also spared. The terminal ileum and the entire colon were resected and an end ileostomy was fashioned through the right abdominal rectus muscle sheath.

Transfected cells were also used for MTT and TUNEL assays. Statistical analysis Statistical significances were analyzed by ANOVA and paired Student t test with

Statistics Package for Social Science (SPSS) software (Version 14). Qualitative data were expressed as means ± S.D, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant difference. Results Paclitaxel induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in FLCN-deficient renal cancer cells To determine whether paclitaxel treatment leads to apoptosis in FLCN-deficient renal cancer cells, cell lines with (ACHN-sc and UOK257-2) and without (ACHN-5968 and UOK257) FLCN expression were treated with paclitaxel. The cell viability was analyzed by MTT assay after treatment. As shown in Figure 1A, suppression of cell growth by paclitaxel on FLCN-deficient UOK257 and ACHN-5968 cells was C646 more significant than that on matched UOK257-2 and ACHN-sc cells,

indicating more severe paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity to FLCN-deficient cells. We further analyzed apoptosis in these cell line pairs by using in situ colorimetric TUNEL assay. As shown in Figure 1B, paclitaxel could induce apoptosis in all treated cells with or without FLCN expression. However, a much greater number of apoptotic cells were detected in UOK257 and ACHN 5968 lines compared to UOK257-2 and ACHN-sc lines. The differences were also dose-dependent and reached maximum at 100 nM of paclitaxel. After paclitaxel treatment, cell nuclear morphological changes were observed using DAPI staining assay (Figure 1C). Cyclopamine Paclitaxel caused more apoptosis with

destroyed DNA in UOK257 and ACHN 5968 cells (indicated as the strong blue fluorescence). Furthermore, after the treatment of paclitaxel, the 35 kDa protein caspase-3 was cleaved into 17 kDa fragments in cells with or without FLCN expression (Figure 1D). The levels of cleaved caspase-3 were obviously higher in UOK257 and ACHN 5968 cells upon the treatment IMP dehydrogenase with 100 nM paclitaxel, indicating more apoptosis was induced in cells without FLCN expression. These results supported the conclusion that paclitaxel induces more apoptosis in FLCN-deficient renal cancer cells. Figure 1 Paclitaxel induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in FLCN-deficient renal cancer cells. A. Cells were treated with 100 nM paclitaxel or a control vehicle, cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Compared with UOK257-2 and ACHN-sc cells, FLCN-deficient UOK257 and ACHN-5968 cells were more sensitive to paclitaxel-mediated cytotoxicity. (*: p < 0.05. UOK257 with Paclitaxel vs UOK257-2 with Paclitaxel; ACHN-sc with Paclitaxel vs ACHN 5968 with Paclitaxel; n = 15) B. Cells were treated with 50, 80, and 100 nM paclitaxel for 24 hours. TUNEL assay was used for apoptosis analysis. FLCN-deficient cells (UOK257 and AHN-5968) showed more cell death compared to FLCN-expressing counterparts. (*: p < 0.05. UOK257 vs UOK257-2; ACHN-sc vs ACHN 5968; n = 15). C.

This is shown for plant species composition, richness and the functional composition over 258 grassland plots (Moeslund et al. 2013). This is further supported by a study on grasshoppers: south-facing pastures maintained a greater Orthoptera diversity than north facing pastures (Weiss et al. 2013); The authors further highlight that abundance is positively

correlated with bare ground (and in consequence grazing might be better than mowing). Apart from habitat size, isolation and/or landscape structure (like topography, see above), habitat quality (of both the particular habitat and the surrounding habitats) strongly influences the occurrence of species, and thus the species composition and diversity, as first demonstrated for the butterfly BVD-523 Selleckchem RG-7204 Coenonympha tullia (Dennis and Eales 1997). For example the composition of plant species in wet grasslands is strongly affected by various abiotic factors like

chemical parameters of the soil, climatic conditions and human impact (Zelnik and Čarni 2013). In a study on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), effects of land use, host plant neighbourhood and spatial arrangement on the AMF composition was tested over 67 grassland plots spread across the three German Biodiversity Exploratories (Morris et al. 2013). The authors show that the diversity of AMF react similar sensitive at both, large- and small scales; for example, the ability of AMF to provide protection from pathogens declined under high land-use intensity (Morris et al. 2013). Temporal and spatial gradients The floristic composition of plant communities is strongly influenced by biogeographic history; this is shown for the Dinaric versus Central-European region, both representing different biogeographical realms

(Pipenbaher Rapamycin purchase et al. 2013). The authors explain the relevance of biogeographic history for the observed strong differences in floristic and functional composition of dry grassland communities. However, the processes leading to rarity in these grasslands were similar for both areas. A second contribution studying a temporal gradient highlights the effects of recent habitat transformations during the past decades, from 1970 until today (Filz et al. 2013). The authors showed that species composition changed from the past to present towards a generalist-species dominated community, despite habitat management activities, and they explain this trend by external factors as eutrophication and climate change. The following two contributions study effects along spatial gradients. Albrecht and Haider (2013) analyse effects of urbanisation (one of the main reason for decreasing grassland habitats) along a spatio-temporal urbanisation gradient from traditionally managed to urban developments.

Bootstrap values >60 (based on 1000 bootstraps) are displayed. The scale bar

indicates 0.10 (10%) sequence divergence. Phylogenetic diversity of planctomycetes from kelp surface biofilms Three clone libraries, from February 2007, July 2007 and September 2008, constructed with the Planctomycetes-specific primer Pla46f and the general bacterial primer 1542r were analyzed to gain insight into the phylogenetic diversity of the planctomycetes growing in kelp surface biofilms. In total, 266 clones were sequenced in the forward direction from the three clone libraries, resulting in partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of approximately 850 basepairs. Of these, only 9 sequences (3.4%) did not classify as belonging to Planctomycetes and were discarded from the further analyses. These unspecific sequences classified as Deltaproteobacteria C646 ic50 (three), Gammaproteobacteria (two), Actinobacteria (two) and Verrucomicrobia (one) while one remained Paclitaxel unclassified using the Greengenes

G2Chip classifier [22]. The remaining 257 partial planctomycete 16S rRNA gene sequences clustered into 23 OTUs at 98% sequence similarity. Other OTU definitions (95-99%) gave different numbers of OTUs, but the general trends observed in the dataset were the same. One to six representative clones of each OTU were selected for sequencing in the reverse direction in order to assemble near full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences. Of the assembled sequences, three were removed from the analyses because of poor sequence quality and

two because of indications of chimeric origin. The remaining 46 near full-length planctomycete 16S rRNA gene sequences BCKDHA have been deposited to GenBank under the accession numbers HM369064 to HM369109, and the sequence of the P1 isolate under HM369063. The clone libraries from February, July and September showed considerable overlap in OTU composition (Figure 5). The July library had the lowest OTU richness and consisted of a subset of the OTUs detected in the other two libraries. The highest OTU richness and the most unique OTUs (seven) were found in February. September was intermediate in OTU richness and the number of unique OTUs (Figs. 5 and 6). The diversity of the three clone libraries is illustrated in Figure 6 using rarefaction curves showing the expected number of OTUs encountered with clone sampling effort. July displays a near asymptotic curve, indicating low diversity, while September is intermediate and February displays the highest diversity. The Shannon diversity index and the Chao1 richness estimates for the clone libraries (Table 1) show the same relative diversity pattern. Figure 5 Overlap of planctomycete OTUs between sampling times. A Venn diagram describing the degree of OTU overlap between the different clone libraries. The total number of OTUs in each library is displayed outside the circles and the number of overlapping OTUs is given inside the areas of the circles.

Table 1 Characteristics of cases and controls   Cases (n = 6,763), % Controls (n = 26,341), % Crude OR [95% CI] Gender   Male 1,834 (27.1) 7,203 (27.3)     Female

4,929 (72.9) 19,138 (72.7)   Age (years)   18–49 452 (6.7) 1,808 (6.9)     50–69 1,061 (15.7) 4,239 (16.1)     ≥70 5,250 (77.6) 20,294 (77.0)   Hospitalisation before the index date   Cardiovascular disease 359 (5.3) 1,289 (4.9) 1.10 [0.98–1.25]   Cerebrovascular disease 296 (4.4) 565 (2.1) 2.12 [1.84–2.45]   Parkinson’s disease 23 (0.3) 41 (0.2) 2.24 [1.34–3.75]   Mental disorders 24 (0.4) 36 (0.1) 2.54 [1.51–4.27] Drug use 6 months before the index date   Benzodiazepinesa 967 (14.3) 2,751 (10.4) 1.44 [1.33–1.56]   Antidepressants 643 (9.5) 1,343 (5.1) 2.00 [1.81–2.21]   Antipsychotics 412 (6.2) 921 (3.5) 1.79 [1.58–2.02] Current drug use at index date   Amantadine CP-690550 cost 30 (0.4) 42 (0.2) 2.78 [1.74–4.44]   Selegeline 56 (0.8) 51 (0.2) 4.37 [2.98–6.41]   Anticholinergics 43 (0.6) 67 (0.3) 2.52 [1.72–3.70]   Cathechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors 1 (0.0) 5 (0.0) 0.80 [0.09–6.85] a3 months before the index date As shown in Table 2, the risk of hip/femur fractures was nearly doubled among current users of dopaminergic drugs compared to no use (ORadj = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.39–2.22). Further stratified analyses suggested that the risk of hip/femur fracture for current users of dopaminergic drugs were not ICG-001 supplier different for men and women. Table 2 Use of dopaminergic drugs and risk of hip/femur fracture   Cases

(n = 6,763), % Controls (n = 26,341), % Crude OR [95% CI] ORadj a [95% CI] Never use 6,578 (97.3) 25,996 (98.7) Reference Reference Ever use 185 (2.7) 345 (1.3) 2.13 [1.77−2.56] 1.50 [1.22−1.84] many Among ever users of a dopaminergic drug          Past use (>182 days before the index date) 20 (0.3) 81 (0.3) 0.98 [0.59−1.60] 0.91 [0.55−1.51]  Recent use (31−182 days before the index date) 9 (0.1) 27 (0.1) 1.28 [0.60−2.73] 1.01 [0.47−2.20]  Current use (1−30 days before the index date) 156 (2.3) 237 (0.9) 2.62 [2.13−3.22] 1.76 [1.39−2.22]b   By gender            Male 45 (0.7) 64 (0.2) 2.83 [1.92−4.17] 1.84 [1.21−2.81]    Female 111 (1.6) 173 (0.7) 2.54 [1.99−3.24] 1.73 [1.32−2.26]   By age category (years)            18−69 13 (0.2) 20 (0.1) 2.60 [1.29−5.23] 1.54 [0.73−3.24]    ≥70 143 (2.1) 217 (0.8) 2.62 [2.11−3.25] 1.78 [1.39−2.27] aAdjusted for: (a) a history in the past year of hospitalisation for Parkinson’s disease; (b) use in the past 6 months of antidepressants; and (c) current use of amantadine, selegeline and anticholinergics b p = 0.

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