5 The human brain is uniquely powerful with respect to cognitive abilities, yet many neuronal networks, in particular the hippocampal and neocortical circuits that mediate such complex functions, are highly vulnerable to aging. Loss of neurons, now recognized to be more modest than previously suggested, mainly involves these specific neuroanatomical areas. Cognition and its decline selleck chem associated with brain aging also seems to be variable and possibly open to modifications.1 Studies in humans

and animal models suggest that age-related cognitive Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical decline is more likely to be associated with alterations in synaptic connectivity than with neuronal loss and white matter changes.6,7 According to recent studies, alterations of intracellular γ-secretase mediated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical signaling pathways may be involved in synaptic pathogenesis of AD,8 and apolipoprotein E is suggested to enhance the toxic effects of oligomeric amyloid beta (Aβ), causing synapse loss, a major correlate of cognitive decline in AD.9 Although dementia-associated hallmarks of AD pathology Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary

tangles) become less prominent with increasing age, synaptic marker abnormalities in dementia remain constant and may represent an independent substrate of dementia spanning all ages.10 These and other changes induce functional network disruptions in degenerative dementia,11,12 suggesting that disease progress Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is transmitted by neural pathways.13 Age-related brain changes are widely documented. Postmortem and in vivo magnetic

resonance imaging (MRI) studies of healthy brains have reported different location, extent, and severity of these changes with aging, some brain regions with greater activation being linked to better cognitive performance. Besides hemispheric asymmetry reduction they indicated increased activity in (pre)frontal regions, suggesting posterior-anterior shift models of functional brain aging.14 There is a strong relationship between cognitive ability and cortical fine structure in the prefrontal cortex.15 Postmortem Entinostat Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical studies of human brains revealed more prominent age-related changes in the anterior and posterior white matter, but not in gray matter volumes, histology showing less severe changes than the imaging methods.16 While in previous studies postmortem MRI of white matter lesions (WMLs) was less sensitive than pathology, more recent ones showed that postmortem MRI is a valid tool for the assessment of subcortical pathologies.17 MRI investigations showed widespread age-related changes in prefrontal cortex and white matter, somatosensory cortex, and, to a lesser degree, in motor cortex, the prefrontal white matter being most susceptible to the mean influence of age.18 In cognitively normal elderly subjects, WMLs were inversely correlated with gray matter volume, with greatest volume loss in the frontal cortex.