Although gate-last process is favorable for high-k/III-V integration, high-speed logic devices require a self-aligned gate-first process for reducing the parasitic resistance and overlap capacitance. On the other hand, a gate-first process usually requires higher thermal budget and may degrade the III-V device performance. In this paper, we systematically investigate the thermal budget of gate-last and gate-first
process for deep-submicron InGaAs MOSFETs. We conclude that the thermal instability of (NH(4))(2)S as the pretreatment before ALD gate dielectric formation leads to the potential failure of enhancement-mode operation and deteriorates interface quality in the gate-first process. We thus report on the detailed study of scaling metrics of deep-submicron self-aligned InGaAs MOSFET without sulfur passivation, featuring optimized threshold selleck chemicals voltage and negligible off-state learn more degradation. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3553440]“
“We investigated the effects of Andrographis paniculata (AP) extracts and andrographolide on the catalytic activity of three human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 enzymes: CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. In vitro probe-based high performance liquid chromatography assays were developed to
determine CYP2C9-dependent tolbutamide methylhydroxylation, CYP2D6-dependent dextromethorphan O-demethylation and CYP3A4-dependent testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylation activities in the presence and absence of AP extracts and andrographolide. Our results indicate that AP ethanol and methanol extracts inhibited CYP activities more potently than aqueous and hexane extracts across the three isoforms. selleckchem Potent inhibitory effects were observed on CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 activities (K (i) values below 20 mu g/ml). Andrographolide was found to exclusively but weakly inhibit CYP3A4 activity. In conclusion, data presented in this study suggest that AP extracts have the potential to inhibit CYP isoforms in vitro. There was, however, variation in the potency of
inhibition depending on the extracts and the isoforms investigated.”
“Background: We compared the performance of tuberculin skin test (TST), Quantiferon-TB Gold in-tube (QFT-GIT), and T-SPOT. TB in diagnosing latent tuberculosis (LTBI) among childhood TB contacts in a TB endemic setting with high BCG coverage. We evaluated the performance of interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) and TST when combined in an algorithm.
Methods: Childhood contacts of newly diagnosed TB patients were tested with TST, QFT-GIT, and T-SPOT. The level of exposure in contacts was categorized according to whether they slept in the same room, same house, or a different house as the index case. For the evaluation of combined test performance, prior estimates for prevalence of latent TB were used in Bayesian models that assumed conditional dependence between tests.
Results: A total of 285 children were recruited. Overall, 26.5%, 33.0%, and 33.