Among the proteins predicted to have pHGRs we have identified some fungal proteins with an extremely high level of O-glycosylation. The B. cinerea genome, for example, codes for 9 proteins with 737–1764 residues, and signal peptide for secretion, that are predicted to be O-glycosylated in more than 400 of their PD0325901 supplier amino acids, as well as 11 additional smaller proteins, up to 300 amino acids, with more than 75% O-glycosylated residues (Additional file 2). Even considering that the actual number of O-glycosylation sites maybe 68% of these

(see the overestimation rate calculated for NetOGlyc in the results section), this level of O-glycosylation does not seem compatible with the Doramapimod chemical structure globular fold typical of enzymes or effector proteins, thus leading to the hypothesis that these proteins may be involved in maintaining the structure of the cell wall or the extracellular matrix. Most of them were predicted to have a GPI anchor at the C-terminus by at least one of the available prediction tools [18, 19], while others were homologues to proteins classified click here as GPI anchored proteins in other fungi or to proteins experimentally proven to be in the cell wall.

Curiously, a BLAST search revealed that 5 out of the 9 B. cinerea proteins with more than 400 predicted O-glycosylation sites have homologues only in the closely related fungus S. sclerotiorum, but not in any other organism, raising the question of whether they make any contribution to the lifestyle of these two highly successful, broad range, plant pathogens. Some of these highly O-glycosylated proteins

in B. cinerea display interesting similarities/motifs: Bofut4_P004110.1, a 670-aa protein predicted to be O-glycosylated in 75% of its residues, is similar (BLAST expect value = 4×10-7) to the S. cerevisiae protein Sed1p [20], a structural component of the cell wall. Bofut4_P104050.1, a 903-aa protein predicted to be O-glycosylated in 453 of them, is only present in B. cinerea and S. sclerotiorum and has two CFEM motifs that were proposed to be involved in virulence [21]. Bofut4_P131790.1, a Lumacaftor 938-aa protein predicted to be O-glycosylated in 414 residues, is homologous to the Metarhizium anisopliae protein Mad1 mediating adhesion to insect cuticle, raising the question of a putative role in spore dispersion. However, most of these proteins, with more than 400 O-glycosylated residues or with more than 75% O-glycosylated residues, have no similarity to proteins of known function. It would be especially interesting to search, among those proteins highly O-glycosylated, of candidate virulence factors involved in adhesion to the host surfaces. The existence of these O-glycosylated adhesion proteins is predicted from the fact that O-glycosylation deficient mutants in fungal pathogens have been shown to be affected in adhesion to the host [5, 6, 22]. An in silico search in U.