“
“Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies are promising for the treatment of B-cell malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and autoimmune diseases where auto-antibodies play an important role.

Anti-CD20 such as rituximab (RTX) mediates B-cell depletion through mechanisms such as complement-mediated cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. However, in haematological malignancies, such effector mechanisms can be saturated and result in release of malignant B cells with reduced levels of CD20. It has been hypothesized that this is the result of monocyte-mediated shaving of the CD20/RTX complex from the B-cell surface. Here, we confirm, that in vitro co-culture of human monocytes and RTX-labelled syngeneic B cells results in reduced expression of CD20/RTX complex on the B cell surface. This shaving mechanism was AZD2014 cell line the result of active protease activity because Ku-0059436 concentration EDTA and PMSF were able to mediate partial inhibition. Also, a series of alternative anti-CD20 antibodies representing both type I and type II antibodies were tested for their ability to induce the shaving reaction. These results demonstrate

that a monocyte-mediated shaving reaction can lead to complete loss of most anti-CD20 antibodies from the surface of B cells even from healthy donors and this is an important obstacle for antibody-mediated immune therapy. The findings demonstrate the necessity of developing novel antibodies that maintain high effector functions without enabling activation of the shaving reaction. Monoclonal antibodies against tumour antigens

or tissue-specific markers have become a key element in cancer immunotherapy.1 Rituximab (RTX), which is specific for CD20 and therefore targets B cells, was the first antibody approved by the Food and Drug Administration and its effect on B-cell malignancies depends on immunological mechanisms such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis.2–5 In addition, direct induction of apoptosis in B cells also seems to be involved.6 Treatment Acetophenone with RTX is effective in autoimmune diseases where antibodies play an important role7 and also in several forms of B-cell lymphoma.8 However, in certain haematological malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, only a partial effect has been observed,9 and it is therefore pivotal to identify mechanisms that hinder the full effect of B-cell depletion strategies or that will optimize treatment strategies. Monocytes/macrophages can, under certain conditions, remove cell-bound IgG without destroying the opsonized cell10 and this mechanism has recently been shown to account for a phenomenon called ‘shaving’, where monocytes can remove anti-CD20 antibodies together with CD20 from the surface of antibody-coated target cells through an endocytic reaction called trogocytosis that depends on Fcγ receptor I (FcγRI) expression on the acceptor cell.