7,17 Similar age and disease changes are observed for numerous other genes,8,10 Crenolanib GIST together suggesting that normal brain aging may in fact promote aspects of disease-related mechanisms. Indeed, major depression

is associated with anticipated gene expression changes that occur during normal aging of the brain,18 suggesting that an older molecular age of the brain may represent an early biological event in the disease process, and may serve as a useful marker for risk of developing symptoms of depression. This review summarizes findings and observations in support of an age-by-disease biological interaction Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical model. This model brings together basic research on normal aging with the investigation of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, and suggests that environment and genetic variability are contributing factors in defining risk and/or resiliency trajectories. Further, identifying age -dependent Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical biological processes and their modulators may inform the development of new interventions for the prevention and treatment of a more broadly-defined depressive syndrome and for related functional outcomes in elderly subjects. Aspects of this model and hypothesis have been previously discussed elsewhere.19,20 Depression and age-related functional outcomes According

to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders. Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), Major Depression is diagnosed in individuals experiencing Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical low mood and/or anhedonia plus five symptoms that may include changes in sleep, feelings of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical guilt or worthlessness, low energy, poor concentration, changes in appetite, psychomotor retardation, and thoughts of death or suicide.21 Defined this way, Major Depression affects 10% to 15% of people in the general population Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in their lifetime.22 The biological bases of depression are complex and likely involve multiple interacting disruptions affecting neurons and glial cells within specific brain areas, giving

rise to neural network dysfunctions and depressive symptomatology. At the molecular level there is compelling evidence for the involvement of many biological processes in depression, Entinostat including, but not limited to, altered monoaminergic neurotransmission, altered stress hormone homeostasis, reduced neurotrophic support, metabolic dysregulation, immune reaction, increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as other aspects of brain plasticity and synaptic functions.23 Notably, similar changes have been reported during aging, prompting the hypothesis that major depression may be associated with “accelerated aging” (See Wolkowicz et al4,24 for reviews). On the other hand, major depression and other mood disorders per se do not necessarily increase with age, and in fact, only approximately 1% of older individuals meet the criteria for major depression, a prevalence much lower than in younger individuals.