31,32 Researchers have used related paradigms for producing gist -based memory errors. For example, after studying patterns or shapes that are physically similar to a nonpresented prototype, participants later are likely to falsely recognize the novel prototype as a previously studied item.33,34 Similarly, after

studying numerous pictures or words Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical from a particular category, people are likely to later show false recall or false recognition of nonpresented category members from the previously presented MLN0128 nmr categories.35,36 While such responses are classified appropriately as memory distortions — people claim to remember items that they have never encountered before — those errors also reflect retention of useful information Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical concerning the general themes, appearances, or meanings that participants did encounter. Retention of such information can facilitate the ability to generalize and abstract,9,16,17,37,38 and in that sense can be considered adaptive. Several kinds of experimental evidence support the idea that gist-based and associative memory errors indeed reflect the operation of adaptive processes. First, both associative and gist-based false recognition are reduced in patients with amnesic syndromes resulting from damage to the medial temporal lobes, thereby suggesting that such errors normally reflect the operation of a healthy Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical memory

system.39-41 Second, recent studies have linked associative false recognition and creativity. In one study study, Howe et al42 presented DRM associate lists to children and adults before these participants attempted to solve compound remote associate task problems. Participants were presented with three word puzzles (eg, walk/beauty/over) and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical attempted to generate a solution word that is associated with all three target words (eg, sleep). When they were primed with DRM lists (eg, bed, rest, awake, tired, dream, etc) for

which the solution word on the problem-solving task was the critical lure (eg, sleep), both children and adults showed improved performance on the problem-solving tasks compared with problems that were not primed by DRM lists. Importantly, however, this effect was observed only when participants falsely recalled the critical lure, thereby bolstering the authors’ claim that false memories can have beneficial effects on cognitive function under certain conditions. In another recent Phosphoprotein phosphatase study linking creativity and associative false recognition, Dewhurst et al43 showed that susceptibility to DRM false recognition is predicted by performance on a remote associates task. This task is generally viewed as a measure of convergent thinking — a component of creativity that taps an individual’s ability to generate broad and numerous associations, and can thus be considered an adaptive cognitive process.