Helfand and colleagues21 expanded on these findings by calculating genetically adjusted PSA levels. In practical terms, this means increasing the biopsy threshold for high genetic PSA producers to reduce unnecessary prostate biopsies while decreasing

the biopsy threshold for low genetic PSA producers to avoid delayed diagnosis. Other studies showed that genetic markers #Ki16425 clinical trial keyword# on chromosome 8q24 are also associated with prostate cancer tumor volume in men undergoing radical prostatectomy.22 Recent advances have made this type of genetic testing an inexpensive possibility, suggesting a potential future role in more personalized screening. Several abstracts at the meeting described ongoing work at improving screening protocols, including PSA kinetics and other novel ways to use the PSA measurement. Abstract 2067 suggested dividing

PSA velocity by prostate volume.23 In Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 1027 prostate biopsies in Korea, they showed that PSA velocity per volume was significantly higher in men with prostate cancer detected than those with a negative biopsy result (0.06 vs 0.027; P < .01). El-Shafei and colleagues24 looked at PSA slope in 449 patients undergoing biopsy and showed that it had improved performance characteristics for the discrimination of high-grade disease. Finally, Benecchi and colleagues25 created a nomogram including PSA acceleration (along with Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the ratio of free to total PSA, digital rectal examination findings, and prostate volume), which performed well for the prediction of high-grade disease in the internal validation. Further study of these PSA dynamic measurements is warranted in external Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical populations due to these combined findings of improved assessment for clinically significant disease. Other studies looked at free PSA and isoforms in screening and early detection. For example, Sasaki and colleagues26 showed the value of free PSA in a large Japanese screening study. Prostate biopsy was recommended for a PSA > 4 ng/mL or PSA from

2 to 4 ng/mL with a free PSA ≤ 12%. Compared with the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical reference group with a free PSA > 22.2%, men with a free PSA ratio of 17.5% to 22.2%, 13.3% to 17.4%, and < 13.3% had a 5.4-, 8.9-, and 22.9-fold increased risk of prostate cancer, respectively. Lughezzani and associates27 instead looked at the combination of PSA, free PSA, and [−2] proPSA in a mathematical formula known as the Prostate Health Index (PHI). They showed that the inclusion of PHI in a multivariable mafosfamide nomogram led to a significant improvement in predictive accuracy for extended biopsy results. In addition, numerous abstracts examined PCA3, which has recently been approved by the FDA as an aid in repeat biopsy decisions. Wei and colleagues28 reported on a multi-institutional Early Detection Research Network validation trial of PCA3 for initial and repeat prostate biopsy. In 850 eligible men, they reported a positive predictive value of 80% on initial biopsy and a negative predictive value of 88% for repeat biopsy.