If the rate of malignancy were 40% or even higher, than the associated risk of mortality to adenocarcinoma would be substantial enough that surgery would be the optimal choice. However, if the rate is more on the order of 8% -12%, than the risk of surgery must be weighed against the risk of the CDK inhibitor operation, and the potential response to less invasive treatments such as endoscopic therapy, including mucosal resection or photoablative or radioablative treatment. Esophagectomy

is a procedure with a mortality risk of 3% to 8%, and with risk for significant morbidity, even at the most experienced centers. In a lower volume center, these Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical risks are higher (10),(16). A recent study from the University of Pittsburgh reported a 30 day mortality of 0% for T1 cancer patients undergoing esophagectomy, so local expertise may affect the clinical approach (17). Multiple patient factors including patient age and health

status must be considered Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical when deciding on the management of patients with HGD. A recent review Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of 1074 patients from 16 studies, concluded that endoscopic therapy including photodynamic therapy, argon plasma coagulation, or radiofrequency ablation, can eradicate Barrett’s disease and dysplasia, and were generally well tolerated (18). It is possible that endoscopic therapy might have been successful in the 4 patients in our cohort with T1a stage intramucosal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical disease. One limitation of our study is the lack of standardized preoperative testing for the patients in our cohort. A lack of comprehensive preoperative testing may have contributed to a higher rate of occult cancer, by increasing patients in the group with no suspicion for invasive cancer. Three of the four subjects with occult invasive adenocarcinoma did not undergo radiologic assessment at our center. Because of our using deidentified data, we could not re-review

the outside studies. However, these subjects had very small tumors without lymph node involvement, and the likelihood that they were truly Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical occult is high. As with all retrospective studies, selection bias remains a concern, although we attempted to minimize bias by searching our electronic medical records using comprehensive inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Rutecarpine rate of invasive adenocarcinoma in association with HGD and Barrett’s in this series was 11.7% with 5.9% having occult adenocarcinoma. When analyzed based on the date of surgery, we did not find any significant difference in the rate of detection of postoperative adenocarcinoma in patients with HGD over time, indicating that rate of cancer detection did not change in more recent years with the advent of more modern endoscopic techniques and imaging. Debate continues as to the best management strategy when HGD is diagnosed in the setting of Barrett’s esophagus.