Enrofloxacin increased the half-life of elimination for both caffeine and dapsone, and decreased expression of CYP1A and 3A protein. Marbofloxacin decreased the metabolism of caffeine and expression of CYP1A protein. However, no change in mRNA expression was observed for any treatment group. This suggested that high doses of enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin, but not sarafloxacin, inhibit CYP in chick liver raising the possibility of drug-drug interaction when using these compounds. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The sources and pathways of human exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are not well characterized, particularly in China
where many perfluorinated substances are now manufactured. Here, isomer-specific PFAA analysis was used for the first time to evaluate exposure sources for Chinese people, by applying the method
to 129 serum samples collected in two typical cities (Shijiazhuang and Handan) in GDC-0068 mouse North China. Among all samples, total perfluorooctanesulfonate (Sigma PFOS, mean 33.3 ng/ml) was the predominant Y-27632 research buy PFAA followed by perfluorohexanesulfonate (2.95 ng/ml), total perfluorooctanoate (Sigma PFOA, 2.38 ng/ml), and perfluorononanoate (0.51 ng/ml). The level of Sigma PFOS was higher than in people from North America in recent years. The mean concentrations of Sigma PFAAs in the participants living in urban Shijiazhuang (59.0 ng/ml) and urban Handan (35.6 ng/ml) were significantly higher (p<0.001 and p = 0.041, respectively) than those living in the rural district of Shijiazhuang (24.3 ng/ml). The young female sub-population had the lowest Sigma PFAA concentrations compared with older females and all males. On average, the proportion of linear PFOS (n-PFOS) was only 48.1% of Sigma PFOS, which is much lower than what was present in technical PFOS from the major historical manufacturer (ca. 70% linear), and which is also lower than data reported from any other countries. Moreover, the proportion of n-PFOS decreased
significantly with increasing Sigma PFOS concentration in the serum samples (r = -0.694, p<0.001). Taken together, the data lend weight to previous suggestions that i) high branched PFOS content in serum is a biomarker of exposure to PFOS-precursors, and ii) that Bafilomycin A1 people with the highest Sigma PFOS concentrations are exposed disproportionately to high concentrations of PFOS-precursors. On average, linear PFOA (n-PFOA) contributed 96.1% of Sigma PFOA, significantly higher than in technical PFOA (ca. 75-80% linear), but lower than in Americans, suggesting higher exposure to electrochemically fluorinated PFOA than in other countries, including the United States. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Based on recent work, I will give a nontechnical brief review of a powerful quantitative concept in biology, adaptive landscape, initially proposed by S.