2006). The lamellar trama structure is always regular or subregular in Hygrocybe s.s. and s.l., differentiating it from the typically interwoven arrangement in Cuphophyllus, the divergent trama in Hygrophorus, and the pachypodial arrangement in Chrysomphalina and Haasiella (Norvell et al. 1994) and now Aeruginospora (Table 3). The hyphae typically have

clamp connections. The basidiospores of Hygrocybe s.s. and s.l. are always hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled, and typically smooth but occasionally with conical warts. While most Hygrocybe s.s. and s.l. are terrestrial, often growing in grasslands in Europe and forests in North America and the tropics, a few tropical species are now known to be arboreal (e.g., H. hapuuae Desjardin and Hemmes 1997; H. pseudoadonis SN-38 S.A. Cantrell and Lodge 2004; and H. rosea, Lodge et al. 2006). Although they appear to be biotrophic based on isotopes, their biotic relationships are enigmatic (Seitzman et al. 2011). Hygrocybe have been sequenced from the rhizosphere of plant roots (see Ecology section), which may explain how they obtain plant carbon. Table 3 Synoptic key to the Hygrophoroid Sapitinib in vivo clade. Substrata reported are: bryophytes (b), debris (d), ectomycorrhizal hosts (e), ferns (f), grasses (g), lichenized with chlorophyta (lch) or cyanobacteria (lcy),

soil (s), humus (h), and wood (w). Characters are noted as present (+), absent (−), or if variable the predominant form is presented first (+/− or −/+)   Veil Lamellae Basidiospores Lamellar Trama Clamp Pig-ments Ecol. Cepharanthine Genus, Subgenus, Section Glutinous/cortina Absent Free Adnexed/see more uncinate Adnatodecurrent Edge gelatinized L Basid. >5x spore L Hyaline Dimorphic Amyloid Ornamented Metachromatic + + + Hyphae >160 μm Regular/subregularr Interwoven Pachypodial Divergent Trama Basidia; toruloid:T Carotenoid L DOPA Betalains Substratum Hygrocybe +/− +/− +/− +/− +/− +/− +/− + +/− − − − +/− + − − − + +   + shbg subg. Hygrocybe +/− +/− +/− +/− +/− +/− −/+ + +/− − − − +/− + − − − + + − + shbg sect. Hygrocybe − −/+ + − − +a/− − + − − − − + + − − − + +   + shbg sect. Velosae + − + − − + − + + − − − + + − − − + +     shb sect. Chlorophanae − − − + +b/− − −/+ +

− − − − + + − − − + +   + shbg sect. Pseudofirmae − +/− − + + −/+ −/+ + + − − − +/− + − − − + +   + shwb sect. Microsporae − − − − + − −/+ + − − − − +/− + − − − + +     shg subg. Pseudohygrocybe − − − + +/− − +/− + − − −/+c − − + − − − + +   + shbwg sect. Coccineae − − − + + − +/− + − − −/+ − − + − − − + +   + shbwg sect. Firmae − − − − + − + + + − − − − + − − − + +     shb Hygroaster − − − − + − + + − − + − − + − − − + + −   sb Neohygrocybe − − − + − − + + − − − − −/+ + − − − + +   +/− shg Humidicutis − − − + + − +/− + − − − − −/+d + − − − − T     shbg Porpolomopsis − − + + − −/+ +/− + − − − − +/−d + − − − +/− T   − shbg Gliophorus − − − + + +/− +/− + − − − − − + − − − + +/T   − shbg sect. Glutinosae − − − − + + +/− + − − − − − + − − − + T   − shbg sect.