57; 95% CI, 2.80–26.20), endocrine (MRR 3.57; 95% CI, 1.01–12.66), cardiovascular (MRR 1.59; 95% CI, 1.02–2.49), gastrointestinal (MRR 3.21; 95% CI, 1.17–8.84) and alcohol and drug abuse-related (MRR 10.71; 95% CI, 3.23–35.58) diseases. Conclusions: Patients diagnosed with S. aureus spondylodiscitis have substantially increased long-term mortality, mainly due to comorbidity. To improve survival after S. aureus spondylodiscitis these patients should be screened for comorbidity

and substance abuse predisposing to the disease. “
“Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem with an estimated 8.6 million new cases of TB worldwide in 2012.1 Incidence of TB and its mortality rate have been falling since 1990, but the global burden remains substantial due to PLX3397 mouse the slow rate of decline in TB incidence (2% per year).1 For effective control of TB, rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis is of utmost importance. Sputum smear microscopy of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) and culture of M. tb have been widely used for diagnosis of active TB. 2 However, AFB smear microscopy has limited sensitivity (50–60%) and is inappropriate for monitoring therapeutic effects, because it cannot distinguish live from dead bacilli. 2 A favourable

outcome of anti-TB treatment is conventionally predicted by sputum culture conversion within the first two months of treatment, 3 whereas definitive identification of M. tb by culture Alpelisib purchase Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II takes several weeks. 2 The AFB smear test is not specific to pulmonary TB, because patients with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) lung disease may show positive results by the AFB smear test. 4 Thus, there is a need for early clinical identification of NTM lung disease among AFB smear-positive patients as the therapeutic regimens for pulmonary TB and NTM lung diseases differ. A recently developed

molecular diagnostics such as the Xpert® MTB/RIF and line probe assay contributed to rapid diagnosis of pulmonary TB and differentiation between M. tb and NTM in AFB smear-positive specimen. 5 and 6 However, the need of infrastructure and its high cost compared to smear microscopy are the major issue for implementation of the technology in low- and middle-income countries. 5 Individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) have a lifetime risk of 10% for progression to active disease. Thus, control of LTBI with early diagnosis may help effective TB control accompanied by appropriate treatment of active cases. A tuberculin skin test (TST) is a traditional method for detecting LTBI. However, the TST frequently provides false positive responses in individuals with recent BCG vaccination or exposure to NTM.7 An IFN-γ release assay (IGRA) can rapidly detect LTBI by measuring in vitro release of IFN-γ in response to M. tb-specific peptide antigens, including early secreted antigen target, 6 kDa (ESAT-6), culture filtrate protein 10 kDa (CFP-10), and TB 7.7.