A two-dose schedule may also be an issue for the generation and maintenance of a sizeable cross-neutralizing antibody fraction. While HPV16 antibody titers following a two dose schedule appear to be non-inferior to those following a three dose schedule [19], the impact on the generation of antibodies to non-vaccine types is unclear. Understanding the potential impact of prior infection on vaccine antibody responses [23]

and differences between the specificities of antibodies generated following vaccination and during natural infection will also be important. Overall, these data support the notion that antibody neutralization of non-vaccine types by Cervarix® vaccine sera is due to a small fraction of antibodies exhibiting buy Ribociclib different but overlapping specificities, rather than a predominantly type-specific antibody specificity that nevertheless exhibits a small

degree of cross-recognition of non-vaccine types. Identifying the HPV16 L1 domains responsible for their generation and perhaps improving HPV16 VLP immunogenicity toward the generation of such antibodies will be important if the development of high titer neutralizing antibodies targeting non-vaccine MK0683 supplier types is considered to be a desirable outcome of HPV vaccination. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. This work was in part supported by the UK Medical Research Council (grant number G0701217). We are indebted to Prof. John T. Schiller and Dr. Chris Buck (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, U.S.A.) for providing the HPV16, HPV31, HPV52 and HPV58 pseudovirus clones and Dr. H Faust and Prof. J Dillner (Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden) for providing the HPV33 pseudovirus clone. “
“While pediatric vaccinations have been clearly demonstrated to be safe and effective, mild reactions can occur in the process of creating immunity that may result in health care services utilization. Identifying children at increased risk of these events following vaccination is important for the purpose of communicating risk to parents found and also for providing insight into the pathophysiology of these

events. Previous studies have shown that a child’s sex may be an important predictor of vaccine reactions, with females being at increased risk of adverse events, particularly in the cases of young women who received rubella vaccination [1] and in infant girls who received the now discontinued high titer measles vaccines [2], [3], [4], [5] and [6]. We have previously demonstrated that aggregate health services utilization serves as a useful surrogate for reactions following vaccination [7] and [8]. Using the self-controlled case series design and graphical representation of events before and after vaccination we have identified a marked reduction in events before all pediatric vaccinations consistent with the healthy vaccinee effect [9] and [10].