Absences were only counted as such when sufficient counts were carried out during the flight period. Relative colonization frequencies were then calculated on an annual basis

between 1992 and 2008 as the number of transects with colonizations relative to the total number of actively counted transects where the species might be expected, i.e. where it had been sighted in the period 1990–2008. Data on daily temperature (mean and maximum; in °C), radiation (in J/cm2, converted to temperature differences in °C), cloudiness (in octants, converted to %), and wind speed (in m/s, converted to Bft) were obtained from the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (www.​knmi.​nl) selleck screening library for the flight periods of the three species. For each year, we averaged the weather variables over the flight periods. The effects of average weather variables on colonization frequencies were tested using regression analysis with generalized linear models in R 2.7.0. We corrected for possible effects of density dependence by taking national population numbers (as indices) into consideration. The effect of both the current and the previous year’s weather was included (see also Roy et al. 2001). The current year’s weather is assumed to affect dispersal propensity of individuals that will subsequently be

Selumetinib concentration sighted on a transect, newly colonized due to their dispersal. The previous year’s weather is assumed to affect dispersal propensity of individuals that will subsequently reproduce on a transect, newly colonized after their dispersal; their offspring will be sighted in the following year. Results Survival analysis Results of the survival analysis are on tendencies to stop flying (behaviour type: flying; Table 3) or

to start flying (behaviour type non-flying; Table 4). A greater tendency to stop flying implies shorter flight duration. The duration of flying bouts extended with high temperatures (C. pamphilus, P = 0.01; M. jurtina, P = 0.013). Intermediate and high radiation extended duration of flying bouts for P. argus (P = 0.011, P = 0.002 resp.), but high radiation showed negative effects on the duration of flying bouts for C. pamphilus (P = 0.01). Intermediate and Metalloexopeptidase high cloudiness reduced the duration of flying bouts (M. athalia, P = 0.002, P = 0.001 resp.; C. pamphilus, P = 0.017 for high cloudiness only). Intermediate and high wind speed also showed negative effects on the duration of flying bouts (C. pamphilus, P = 0.006, P = 0.0004 resp.) In general, males exhibited longer flights than females (C. pamphilus, P = 0.014) and in 2007, flight durations were longer (M. jurtina, P = 0.005; M. athalia, P = 0.025). Table 3 Results survival analysis for flight behaviour based on multivariate Cox’s proportional hazards model Covariate Species C. pamphilus (n = 853) M. jurtina (n = 420) Coef P l:i:h Coef P l:i:h Gender (male) −0.241 0.014   −0.101 0.53   Year (2007) −0.