Based on the evidence, this review summarizes our current knowledge of spontaneous MI and NOS. (Trends Cardiovasc Med 2008; 18:275-279) (C) 2008, Elsevier Inc.”
“Following exposure to trauma, a vulnerable sub-population Cl-amidine of individuals develops post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with

characteristic persistent autonomic hyper-responsivity, associated increased startle response, and commonly altered hypothalamopituitary-adrenal regulation. A goal of this investigation was to identify a predictive marker for this vulnerability. Previous investigators have developed a model for PTSD in which male mice were exposed to a single brief episode of inescapable footshock followed by 1-min contextual reminders of this trauma at weekly intervals for 6 weeks. Exposure to these reminders induced a progressive and persistent increase in the amplitude of acoustic startle consistent with

the persistently increased acoustic startle of individuals exhibiting PTSD. We adapted this model to adult male Wistar rats, with added characterization of initial (pre-trauma) startle response. After one episode of inescapable footshock (10s, 2mA) or control treatment followed by six weekly 1-min contextual reminders, acoustic startle was re-tested. Data were analyzed after dividing rats within each treatment into LOW vs MID vs HIGH (33% in each group) pre-treatment startle responders.

Rats which exhibited pre-treatment LOW- and MID-range Selleckchem Dasatinib acoustic startle responses did not develop increased acoustic startle responses following subsequent traumatic stress+reminders ([TS+R]) treatment. Carbohydrate However, rats which exhibited HIGH pre-treatment startle responses exhibited further significant (p<0.01) [TS+R]induced persistent enhancement of this already elevated startle response. Furthermore, rats exhibiting HIGH pre-treatment startle responses were also the only subgroup which exhibited increased basal plasma corticosterone levels following [TS+R] treatment. These results suggest that initial pre-stress acoustic startle response can identify subgroups of rats which are predisposed to, or resistant to, developing a PTSD-like syndrome following subsequent trauma. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: Tinnitus is predominantly viewed as the consequence of dysfunctional hyperactivity, plastic change, or synchronized oscillations in the central auditory system. An alternative to the current auditory-centric view of auditory phantom perception is the basal ganglia-centric view. Recent electrical stimulation experiments in area LC, a locus of the caudate nucleus positioned at its anterior body, has shown loudness modulation of existing tinnitus percepts.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that auditory phantoms are gated by the dorsal striatum.