e., occurred at more than one site). CCI-779 cell line Finally, we examined whether the big-headed ant had a different effect on rates of population-level variability than did the Argentine ant. We tabulated all instances in which an arthropod Selleckchem GNS-1480 Species exhibited the same versus a different response (according to the categories above) between two populations invaded by Argentine ants, and compared this ratio using a Chi-square test to the same ratio for instances in which one population of a species was invaded by the Argentine ant and a second was invaded by the big-headed ant. Results Regression models The final model assessing impact

of ants on non-rare species suggests that the provenance of a species and its population density are the two most important correlates of vulnerability, even after adjusting for ant density selleck chemicals and taxonomic order (Table 1). Species endemic to the Hawaiian Islands had lower impact scores (indicating stronger negative impacts and/or weaker positive impacts) than introduced species, and impact scores increased with increasing population

density (indicating weaker negative impacts, or stronger positive impacts, at higher population density). The heightened vulnerability of species occurring at lower densities was evident in spite of a potential statistical tendency towards the opposite relationship (see “Methods”). Body size and trophic role were not significantly associated

with impact (P = 0.635 and P = 0.540, respectively, when added to final model). There was little phylogenetic trend in the overall dataset, with none of the mean impact scores for orders differing significantly from each other. Removal of the variable ant density had no qualitative effect on the model. Overall, the model explained about 21% of the variance in impact score. Table 1 Vulnerability of non-rare species to ant invasion: general linear model predicting species impact scoresa Variables in final model df Adj SS F P Order 12 0.4310 0.97 0.484 Ant density 1 0.0933 2.51 0.116 Population density 1 0.2992 8.06 0.005 Provenance 1 0.3849 10.37 0.002 aFinal model Resveratrol R 2 = 20.76% For rare species, the logistic regression model suggests that, after controlling for ant density and order, the provenance of a species is important as a correlate of vulnerability, and that trophic role is also important but is conditionally dependent on provenance (Table 2). Rare introduced herbivores were least vulnerable to ants (only 21.2% of species were absent in invaded plots), while rare endemic carnivores were most vulnerable (88.9% of species were absent in invaded plots). This variation in vulnerability can be expressed in terms of odds ratios (Table 2), which estimate the odds of a particular species group being absent in invaded plots relative to a reference group (in this case introduced herbivores).