Finally, spin-filter tunneling is modeled with independent

tunneling channels whose barrier heights are linked to a temperature-dependent exchange splitting. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3122600]“
“Background: Neuroendocrine immunology in musculoskeletal selleck diseases is an emerging scientific field. It deals with the aspects of efferent neuronal and neurohormonal bearing on the peripheral immune and musculoskeletal systems. This review aims to add new information that appeared since 2001.

Search strategy: The following PubMed search sentence was used to find a total of 15,462 references between 2001 and March 2013: “”(rheum* OR SLE OR vasculitis) AND (nerve OR hormone OR neurotransmitter OR neuropeptide OR steroid).”" In a continuous process, year by year, this search strategy yielded relevant papers that were screened and collected in a database, which build the platform of this review.

Results: The main findings are the anti-inflammatory role of androgens, the loss of androgens (androgen drain), the bimodal role of estrogens (support B cells and inhibit macrophages and see more T cells), increased conversion of androgens to estrogens in inflammation

(androgen drain), disturbances of the gonadal axis, inadequate amount of HPA axis hormones relative to inflammation (disproportion principle), biologics partly improve neuroendocrine axes, PP2 Angiogenesis inhibitor anti-corticotropin-releasing hormone therapies improve inflammation (antalarmin), bimodal role of the sympathetic nervous system (proinflammatory early, anti-inflammatory late most probably due to catecholamine-producing local cells), anti-inflammatory role of alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and the Vagus nerve via alpha 7 nicotinergic receptors. Circadian rhythms of hypothalamic origin are responsible for circadian rhythms of symptoms (neuroimmune link revealed). Important new pain-sensitizing immunological pathways were found in the

last decade.

Conclusions: The last decade brought much new information that gave birth to the first therapies of chronic inflammatory diseases on the basis of neuroendocrine immune targets. In addition, a new theory linked evolutionary medicine, neuroendocrine regulation of distribution of energy-rich fuels, and volume regulation that can explain many disease sequelae in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“This study was undertaken to assess the impact of hemifacial spasm (HFS) and blepharospasm (BS) on quality of life (QOL) during long-term treatment with botulinum toxin injections.

Fifty-three patients with HFS and 32 patients with BS as well as two healthy age- and sex-matched control groups were included in the study.