In conclusion, our results indicate that new avenues quantifying

In conclusion, our results indicate that new avenues quantifying the influence of vascular plumbing will have to be developed to explore the efficacy of rehabilitation and pharmacological therapies by haemodynamic imaging. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Virtually, all research on basic mechanisms of aging has used species that are short lived and thus demonstrably unsuccessful at combating basic aging processes. A novel comparative approach would use a diversity of populations and species, focusing on

those with particularly long, healthy lives, E2 conjugating inhibitor seeking the causative mechanisms that distinguish them from shorter lived relatives. Species of interest from this perspective include the naked mole rat, a mouse- size rodent that lives up to 30 years in the laboratory, and the little brown bat, which lives up to 34 years in the wild. Comparisons among dogs of different sizes, which differ by more than 50% in health span might also prove rewarding, as might novel species chosen because of their similarity

to humans in certain key traits. 4-Hydroxytamoxifen concentration Primates, because of their sophisticated cognitive ability, are a group of special value, and small, short- lived primates like the common marmoset might prove especially beneficial. Cell repositories and tissue banks from key species, as well as genomic and analytic tools optimized for comparative studies, would make valuable contributions to a new comparative

approach to basic aging research.”
“BACKGROUND

Fetal exposure of animals to antiepileptic drugs at doses lower than those required to produce congenital malformations GDC-0994 purchase can produce cognitive and behavioral abnormalities, but cognitive effects of fetal exposure of humans to antiepileptic drugs are uncertain.

METHODS

Between 1999 and 2004, we enrolled pregnant women with epilepsy who were taking a single antiepileptic agent (carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, or valproate) in a prospective, observational, multicenter study in the United States and the United Kingdom. The primary analysis is a comparison of neurodevelopmental outcomes at the age of 6 years after exposure to different antiepileptic drugs in utero. This report focuses on a planned interim analysis of cognitive outcomes in 309 children at 3 years of age.

RESULTS

At 3 years of age, children who had been exposed to valproate in utero had significantly lower IQ scores than those who had been exposed to other antiepileptic drugs.

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