In each session, about 240 volumes were recorded. For each run, the functional scanning was always preceded by five dummy scans to insure tissue steady-state magnetization. After functional scanning, a high-resolution (HR) 3D T1-weighted sequence for anatomical images was performed (12 min). HR T1 images were P450 inhibitor clinical trial acquired for coregistration of
the functional images (data matrix = 256 × 256, slice-thickness = 1 mm, FOV = 256 mm2, TR = 2.3 sec, TE = 2.98 msec). The whole experiment lasted for about 1 h. Preprocesing Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of fMRI data was carried out with Statistical Parametric Mapping SPM2 (Wellcome trust Centre for Neuroimaging, London, UK, http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/). First, the functional images were checked for motion-related artifacts per participant per experimental session. The exclusion criterion was set to 3 mm deviation from the initial position of the head at the beginning of a session according to the six movement parameters. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Then, all functional images were corrected for slice timing, spatially realigned, normalized to the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI)
template, and smoothed using a Gaussian filter of 8 mm. A high-pass filter was used to remove low-frequency drifts. Random-effects analyses were conducted using SPM8 (Wellcome Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical trust Centre for Neuroimaging, London, UK, http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/). At single-subject level, we modeled each experimental condition (related, unrelated, filler pairs, neutral, and symbol trials) as separate events using the canonical hemodynamic response function (HRF) supplied by SPM8 and its temporal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical derivative to correct for the implied impreciseness in timing, resulting in two regressors per experimental condition. The onset of the second word of each pair (i.e., the target word, or the presentation of the symbol string) was defined as the onset of
the HRF used in the regressor. For Experiment 1, we added two regressors for incorrect and missed trials to explain variance introduced Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by error trials. Six realignment parameters (three translation, three rotation) estimated during preprocessing were added as regressors of no interest. We computed individual contrast images for the critical conditions (related, unrelated) by subtracting the Thiamine-diphosphate kinase activation associated with the symbol condition from the related and unrelated condition for each linguistic task, respectively. We used the symbol condition as visual baseline condition in both tasks to subtract out any activation associated with motor responses in Experiment 1 and with activation related to basic processing of visual stimuli for both linguistic tasks. Otherwise, a comparison of both linguistic tasks would have resulted in a main effect of semantic categorization in motor brain areas. These individual contrast estimates for the critical conditions for both linguistic tasks were subjected to a group analysis.