in the ultra-runners in a 161-km ultra-marathon [7]. The lowest Δ body mass in R3 might be also due to a colder temperature than in other races, because

of a wind chill and heavy raining during the race, there was probably less sweat loss. R1 and R4 were held in favorable weather conditions in contrast with the colder ambient temperatures in R2 and R3, moreover accompanied with rain during the whole race. The highest number of dehydrated athletes was in R4 (the multi-stage race), on the contrary, the least number of overhydrated finishers was in R1 (the 24-hour MTB race) with no case of EAH. Higher Δ body mass were seen in R1 and R4 compared to races held under colder conditions (R2,R3). Although there selleck kinase inhibitor were large differences in ambient temperatures during the day and night,

EAH did not occur in R1 in very high ambient temperature. Therefore we concluded that like in Hoffman FHPI et al. [11] and Knechtle et al. [15] the Buparlisib mouse environmental conditions probably had an influence on race performance, but not on the prevalence of EAH in our subjects in these concrete races. The present work is also in agreement with previous studies [11, 38] showing that while a greater ambient temperature was associated with the number of dehydrated finishers, it was not associated with a larger number of overhydrated finishers. The hypothesis that body mass losses would have no influence on race performance [11] was supported in R2 (the 24-hour MTB race). Δ body mass was negatively

related to race performance, finishers with the greatest body mass losses tended to have a better race performance such as a higher number of achieved kilometers. The significant relationship Adenosine between percentage Δ body mass and race time showed that the fastest runners tended to lose more body mass as observed by Hoffman et al. [11] in a 161-km ultra-marathon and Kao et al. [32] in a 24-hour running race. Also, in Zouhal et al. [47] a loss in body mass did not affect performance, and in Knechtle et al. [15] faster runners in a 100-km ultra-marathon lost more body mass than slower runners. These data support the finding that Δ body mass during exercise may not reflect exact changes in hydration status [20, 60], and a loss in body mass did not impair race performance. Presumably, the decrease in body mass in the present athletes in R2 could also be due to dehydration [60], or changes in body mass representing a balance of fluid and energy intake and fluid and energy losses from external and internal sources with significant fat mass losses during the race [26, 37]. We assume that the loss in body mass could be also due to a substrate losses as well as fluid losses. The additional finding that in any race post-race body mass or Δ body mass was negatively related to post-race plasma [Na+] warrants further investigation.