PubMedCrossRef 35. Bazzoni G, Dejana E: Endothelial cell-to-cell junctions: molecular organization and role in vascular homeostasis. Physiol Rev 2004,84(3):869–901.PubMedCrossRef 36. Huang SH, Jong AY: Cellular mechanisms of microbial proteins contributing to invasion

of the blood-brain barrier. Cell Microbiol 2001,3(5):277–287.PubMedCrossRef 37. Defazio G, Gelati M, Corsini E, Nico B, Dufour A, Massa G, Salmaggi A: In vitro modulation of adhesion molecules, adhesion phenomena, and fluid phase endocytosis on human umbilical vein endothelial cells and brain-derived microvascular endothelium by IFN-beta 1a. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2001,21(5):267–272.PubMedCrossRef 38. Kallmann BA, Wagner S, Hummel V, Buttmann M, Bayas A, Tonn JC, Rieckmann P: Characteristic gene expression profile of primary human cerebral endothelial cells. FASEB J 2002,16(6):589–591.PubMed 39. Stins MF, Gilles F, Kim KS: Selective expression ML323 of adhesion molecules on human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Neuroimmunol 1997,76(1–2):81–90.PubMedCrossRef 40. Man S, Ubogu EE, Williams KA, Tucky B, Callahan MK, Ransohoff RM: Human brain microvascular endothelial

cells and umbilical vein endothelial cells differentially ATM/ATR inhibitor facilitate leukocyte check details recruitment and utilize chemokines for T cell migration. Clin Dev Immunol 2008, 2008:384982.PubMed 41. Shukaliak JA, Dorovini-Zis K: Expression of the beta-chemokines RANTES and MIP-1 beta by human brain microvessel endothelial cells in primary culture. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2000,59(5):339–352.PubMed 42. Arjona A, Foellmer HG, Town T, Leng L, McDonald C, Wang T, Wong SJ, Montgomery RR, Fikrig E, Bucala R: Abrogation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor decreases West Nile virus lethality by limiting viral neuroinvasion. J Clin Invest 2007,117(10):3059–3066.PubMedCrossRef 43. Garcia-Tapia D, Hassett DE, Mitchell WJ, Johnson GC, Kleiboeker SB: West Nile virus encephalitis: sequential histopathological

and immunological events in a murine model of infection. J Neurovirol 2007,13(2):130–138.PubMedCrossRef 44. Shrestha B, Ng T, Chu HJ, Noll M, Diamond Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II MS: The relative contribution of antibody and CD8+ T cells to vaccine immunity against West Nile encephalitis virus. Vaccine 2008,26(16):2020–2033.PubMedCrossRef 45. Wang T, Town T, Alexopoulou L, Anderson JF, Fikrig E, Flavell RA: Toll-like receptor 3 mediates West Nile virus entry into the brain causing lethal encephalitis. Nat Med 2004,10(12):1366–1373.PubMedCrossRef 46. Fiala M, Looney DJ, Stins M, Way DD, Zhang L, Gan X, Chiappelli F, Schweitzer ES, Shapshak P, Weinand M, et al.: TNF-alpha opens a paracellular route for HIV-1 invasion across the blood-brain barrier. Mol Med 1997,3(8):553–564.PubMed 47. Miller F, Fenart L, Landry V, Coisne C, Cecchelli R, Dehouck MP, Buee-Scherrer V: The MAP kinase pathway mediates transcytosis induced by TNF-alpha in an in vitro blood-brain barrier model. Eur J Neurosci 2005,22(4):835–844.PubMedCrossRef 48.