SigB is Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor involved in HQNO-mediated emergence of SCVs and biofilm production Strains Newbould and NewbouldΔsigB were used to determine whether SigB is involved in the emergence of SCVs and biofilm production under an exposure to HQNO. Fig. 3A illustrates the ability of HQNO (10 μg/ml, overnight) to favor the emergence of the SCV phenotype only in a sigB + background. HQNO significantly increased the presence of SCVs in strain Newbould, but not

in NewbouldΔsigB (Fig. 3B). This result was confirmed with strains SH1000 and 8325-4 (data not shown), which are isogenic strains with a functional and dysfunctional SigB system, respectively [36]. Fig. 3C demonstrates that the presence selleck inhibitor of HQNO significantly inhibits the growth of both Newbould and NewbouldΔsigB (P < 0.05 at 24 h of growth

for both; two-way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni’s post test). However, the ability of HQNO to increase biofilm formation was observed with strain Newbould, but not with NewbouldΔsigB (Fig.3D). CB-839 ic50 These results suggest that, even if the inhibition of growth caused by HQNO is not influenced by SigB (Fig. 3C), HQNO-mediated emergence of SCVs and biofilm production is triggered by a SigB-dependent mechanism (Fig. 3D). Figure 3 SigB is involved in HQNO-mediated emergence of SCVs and biofilm production. (A) Pictures show SCV colonies grown on agar containing a selective concentration of gentamicin following or not an overnight exposure to 10 μg/ml of HQNO for strains Newbould and NewbouldΔsigB. (B) Relative number of SCV CFUs recovered after 18 h of growth for strains Newbould and NewbouldΔsigB in the presence (black bars) IKBKE or not (open bars) of 10 μg HQNO/ml. Results are normalized to unexposed

Newbould (dotted line). Data are presented as means with standard deviations from at least three independent experiments. Significant differences between unexposed and HQNO-exposed conditions (*, P < 0.05), and between strains in the same experimental condition (Δ, P < 0.05) were revealed by a one-way ANOVA with tuckey’s post test. (C) Growth curves of Newbould (□) and NewbouldΔsigB (●) exposed (dotted lines) or not (solid lines) to 10 μg/ml of HQNO. (D) Relative biofilm formation as a function of the concentration of HQNO for strains Newbould (open bars) and NewbouldΔsigB (grey bars). Results are normalized to the unexposed condition for each strain (dotted line). Data are presented as means with standard deviations from two independent experiments. Significant differences between Newbould and NewbouldΔsigB for each concentration of HQNO are shown (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; two-way ANOVA with bonferroni’s post test). SigB and agr activities are modulated by an exposure to HQNO Fig. 4 shows qPCR measurements of the expression of the genes asp23, fnbA, hld (RNAIII), hla, sarA and gyrB at the exponential growth phase for strains Newbould and NewbouldΔsigB exposed or not to HQNO.