To analyse the mutants further, zyp1, the maize orthologue of the Arabidopsis central element component ZYP1 was cloned and an antibody was made against it. Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor Using antibodies against ZYP1 and the lateral element components AFD1 and ASY1, it was found that most mutants form normal SCs but are defective in pairing. The large number of non-homologous synapsis mutants defective in pairing illustrates that synapsis and pairing can be uncoupled. Of the ten mutants studied, only dsy2 undergoes normal homologous chromosome recognition needed for homologous

pairing. The dsy2 mutation fails to maintain the SC. ZYP1 elongation is blocked at zygotene, and only dots of ZYP1 are seen at prophase I. Another mutant, mei*N2415 showed incomplete but homologous synapsis and ASY1 and AFD1 have a normal distribution. Although installation of ZYP1 is initiated at zygotene, its progression is slowed down and not completed by pachytene in some cells and ZYP1 is not retained on pachytene chromosomes. The mutants described here are now available through the Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center (http://maizecoop.cropsci.uiuc.edu/).”
“Herein, we report the study of singlet energy transfer dynamics in 3-MA molecular weight two host-guest systems: CNPPP (poly [2-(6'-cyano-6'-methylheptyloxy)-1,4-phenylene]) as host in both and as guests btpIr (iridium (III) bis[2-(2'-benzothienyl) pyridinato-N,C(3)']

(acetylacetonate)) and Irppy (fac tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium (III), two triplet emitters. In both systems, the energy transfer was evaluated using the Forster transfer model. Utilizing time-resolved and stationazry measurements, it could be concluded that the behavior of both systems was in good

agreement with the proposed model. In addition, this analysis provides a clear indication to the homogenous distribution of the dopants. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3631784]“
“Increasing amounts of plastic waste in the environment have become a problem of gigantic proportions. The case of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) is especially significant as it is widely used for packaging and other applications. This synthetic polymer is normally not biodegradable until it is degraded into low molecular mass fragments that can be assimilated by microorganisms. Blends of nonbiodegradable polymers and biodegradable PF-00299804 nmr commercial polymers such as poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) can facilitate a reduction in the volume of plastic waste when they undergo partial degradation. Further, the remaining fragments stand a greater chance of undergoing biodegradation in a much shorter span of time. In this investigation, LLDPE was blended with different proportions of PVA (530%) in a torque rheometer. Mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation studies were carried out on the blends. The biodegradability of LLDPE/PVA blends has been studied in two environments: (1) in a culture medium containing Vibrio sp.