This observation is probably attributable to the impact of age in all these risk indices and to the fact that HIV-infected patients are usually young. check details This finding also supports the conclusion that different tools to address the clinical status of this patient population need to be developed. CIMT together with inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers may be useful measurements for a more precise CVD risk assessment in these patients. Carotid ultrasonography is a noninvasive

diagnostic tool that provides a direct image of the arterial wall, and is strongly related to coronary atherosclerosis. Hence, CIMT is useful in making clinical decisions regarding implementation of therapy to prevent future adverse cardiovascular events. Also, the CIMT measurement enables the effect of treatments on atherosclerosis progression/regression to be evaluated in patient

selleckchem follow-up. Unfortunately, we have not measured CIMT in age- and gender-matched control subjects and we are therefore unable to present carotid thickness comparisons. However, a recent meta-analysis showed that CIMT in healthy populations is around 0.6–0.7 mm on average, similar to the values obtained in the present investigation in HIV-infected patients without atherosclerosis [16]. HIV-infected patients have a higher CVD risk, mainly because of lipid disturbances promoted by antiretroviral drugs, as well as the HIV infection itself. We found a higher rate of an abnormal fasting glucose, high blood pressure and lipodystrophy in the HIV-infected patients with atherosclerosis, reflecting insulin resistance associated with HIV infection and the antiretroviral Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase drugs used [33,34]. Paradoxically, a low BMI was associated with greater CIMT. A low BMI in HIV-infected patients is often attributable to the wasting syndrome and immune system depletion. Hence, the elevated inflammatory and oxidative activities that characterize this situation could, at least in part, explain this correlation. The results of the present

study suggest that the chronic oxidative and inflammatory status related to HIV infection may explain the discrepancy we observed between the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis and the FRS. Indeed, plasma MCP-1 concentrations were significantly increased in patients with subclinical atherosclerosis and low CVD risk estimated by the FRS and, in the multivariate analysis, both serum oxLDL and MCP-1 concentrations were associated with the presence of atherosclerosis. This finding is of particular note as these biochemical parameters can be measured relatively easily in order to improve the ability to identify at-risk individuals. In addition, the relationship between these markers and vascular lesions suggests that anti-inflammatory and antioxidant treatments could assist in the management of CVD risk in these patients. However, a caveat is that the OR for the association between these parameters and the presence of atherosclerosis was relatively small.

Sheehan and colleagues5 described a case of intramedullary spinal cysticercosis in a 16-year-old American woman who traveled to Mexico 10 years before the presentation. This patient lived just outside Washington, DC. She adhered to a Kosher diet and denied consuming pork. For our patient, we analyzed cox1 gene of mtDNA for the identification of the haplotype of the unstained histopathological specimens.1 The cox1 sequence data revealed that it was completely the same as the haplotype of Korea and China1 in Asian genotype.6 Since this patient has never visited Korea and China and the haplotype of T solium in Thailand differs from Korea and China, so far as we know it is most likely that she acquired the infection in Laos during

Belnacasan research buy one of her previous trips. It suggests that the haplotype of Korea and China may be distributed widely in Asia including Laos. It is unlikely that she acquired the spinal cysticercosis during her most recent trip, because the symptoms had begun before her recent trip and the parasite had already degenerated into the tissue specimen.

Probably, she had a chronic infection that became progressively symptomatic prompting her recent presentation to the hospital. This approach to use unstained pathological specimens can become a powerful tool to assess where the patient became infected, especially in the case of patients who traveled to multiple endemic countries or who had never visited such regions but got accidental infections in developed countries from some others who were either visitors from Amylase endemic areas or residents after traveling to such endemic areas.1,7,8 NCC can be divided into Cyclopamine clinical trial parenchymal, leptomeningeal, intraventricular, and spinal cysticercosis according to the location of involvement.9 Most often the brain is affected and is involved in 60% to 92% of all patients with cysticercosis.10 Spinal NCC is rare compared with intracranial NCC involving the brain, basal cisterns, and ventricles. In 1963, Canelas and colleagues11 reported a 2.7% incidence of spinal NCC in 296 cases of NCC. Since that

time, others have suggested that the incidence of spinal NCC is up to 5%;5 however, an incidence of <1% to 3% is most often reported among more recent case series.3,12 A differential diagnosis of the spinal cystic lesions includes spinal tumors, epidermoid tumors, echinococcosis, arachnoid/colloid cysts, and meningoceles. Accurate diagnosis of NCC is based on neuroimaging studies, laboratory analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid, and antibody detection in the serum. A set of diagnostic criteria has been proposed to help clinicians and health workers with the diagnosis of NCC.13 One of the absolute or gold standard criteria for the diagnosis of NCC is histological demonstration of the parasite in biopsy or operation material. Histologically, encystment of cysticercus larva is seen. The cyst is comprised of the outer layer, covered by hair-like projections.

Foi realizada traqueostomia e colocação de sonda de gastrostomia percutânea transendoscópica (PEG), pelo método de Ponski-Gauderer (pull method). O exame endoscópico efetuado durante o procedimento não revelou lesões na mucosa gástrica ( fig. 1). Três meses mais tarde,

o doente recorreu ao serviço de urgência por presença de conteúdo hemático na sonda de gastrostomia. Foi realizada endoscopia digestiva alta, que revelou múltiplas lesões vegetantes na parede anterior do estômago, adjacentes ao botão interno da PEG, algumas das quais ulceradas (Figura 2 and Figura 3). O exame histológico das biopsias efetuadas mostrou tratar-se de um carcinoma pouco diferenciado, sendo a análise imuno-histoquímica consistente com metastização de carcinoma da laringe, com elevada expressão

de citoqueratina CK34B12 e baixa GSK1120212 manufacturer expressão de citoqueratinas CK8/18. Em neoplasias do trato aerodigestivo superior, a gastrostomia percutânea endoscópica é frequentemente utilizada para suporte nutricional. O método de Ponski-Gauderer (pull method) foi inicialmente descrito para a colocação da PEG e é o mais amplamente utilizado. Neste método, a sonda de gastrostomia passa através da boca, faringe e esófago antes de atingir a parede abdominal. A disseminação tumoral ou metástases no local da PEG é uma complicação rara com o pull method (0,7 a 2%) 1. Existe uma grande variedade de teorias acerca do mecanismo de propagação, sendo o mais provável a sementeira direta 17-AAG order durante a passagem do dispositivo, pelo cisalhamento de células tumorais 2 and 3. Em 2007, uma revisão dos casos publicados tentou identificar Tangeritin os fatores de risco associados à disseminação tumoral e desenvolver estratégias para minimizá-lo4. Os fatores patológicos identificados incluíram: localização

faringoesofágica da neoplasia primitiva, fatores relacionados com a histologia da lesão (tipo pavimento-celular e pouco ou moderadamente diferenciado), estadio patológico avançado e lesão primária de grandes dimensões ao diagnóstico. No que diz respeito a fatores de risco relacionados com a terapêutica, estes incluíram: colocação de PEG por via endoscópica, utilização do pull method, tumor primário não tratado e intervalo superior a 3 meses após colocação inserção da PEG. Embora o risco metastização pelo trato de PEG seja pequeno, devem ser tomadas precauções especiais durante o procedimento. A opção por métodos de inserção do tubo de gastrostomia que não necessitem da sua passagem através da faringe, minimizando o contacto direto com as células tumorais, deverá ser tomada em consideração. Os métodos alternativos de colocação de PEG incluem opções com apoio endoscópico, radiológico (guiado por ecografia ou fluoroscopia) ou cirúrgico (mini-laparotomia ou laparoscopia).

Hybridization of single-cell WGA products to DNA microarrays or SNP arrays allows uncovering copy number changes in the cell. SNP arrays provide

a distinct advantage as copy number calls can be integrated with B allele fractions of SNPs and with genotype calls [31], thus also allowing the discovery of copy neutral LOH changes in a cell [32 and 33], or even to haplotype its entire genome [34 and 35]. Despite the use of ultra-high resolution array platforms and the development of state-of-the-art computational and statistical Androgen Receptor Antagonist order methods, the majority of array-based methods can only reliably detect copy number changes encompassing millions of bases in a solitary cell [36, 37, 38• and 39]. The main difficulty is to distinguish a genuine copy number change from a local allelic WGA artefact due to %GC-bias, ADO or VX-809 in vitro PA events [28]. In addition, the cell-cycle stage of the isolated cell can complicate the analysis as cells in S phase can have 2, 3 or 4 copies for a diploid locus, leading to false

structural DNA-imbalance discoveries [40]. Remarkably, a recent study reported the detection of copy number alterations as small as 56 kb in single-cell PCR WGA products hybridized to 180 K oligo-arrays [41]. Array profiling of single cells has been applied to study the biology of CTCs [42••] and DTCs [38• and 39]. Heitzer et al. used the technology to profile genetic relationships between primary colorectal

carcinomas, metastases and CTCs derived from the same patients [ 42••]. Although CTCs shared a number of gains and losses with the primary tumour and/or the metastasis, interestingly, they also observed private copy number changes in CTCs as well as heterogeneity between CTCs. Such results are paving the way for using CTCs as a liquid biopsy to guide clinical decision-making. Decitabine Sequencing of single-cell WGA-products recently improved the resolution of a cell’s DNA-copy number profile by algorithmic focal sequence-read depth analyses [16, 17••, 27•• and 43] (Figure 3b). Ni et al. [ 44••] demonstrated that copy number aberration patterns of CTCs in different patients with the same lung cancer subtype can be extraordinarily similar, but dissimilar when compared to copy number landscapes of CTCs in patients with different lung cancer subtypes, and thus be of diagnostic significance. Furthermore, driven to understand intra-tumour cell population structure and genome evolution in breast cancer, Navin and colleagues [ 16 and 17••] developed single-nucleus sequencing for copy number profiling of single cancer cells able to detect alterations with a resolution of 54 kb on average. By phylogenetic analyses, they could infer common ancestors, clonal expansions and divergence of subpopulations. Genome-wide profiling of structural variation in a single cell is still in its infancy.

To more accurately assess the uPA-associated alterations in the inflammatory response after DSS-induced colonic mucosa injury, we examined the colon Ibrutinib mw of mice at an early time point after DSS treatments, i.e., 1 week

after the last DSS cycle. We found that DSS-treated mice presented foci of colonic dysplastic glands, which in the long term have been reported to evolve to neoplasia through a well-characterized sequence of events [33], [45] and [46]. We hypothesized that preneoplastic lesions in the colon of uPA−/− + DSS mice may have thrived and evolved into well-sized polyps due to a particular tumor-promoting inflammatory milieu. At 1 week after DSS treatment, we found that uPA−/− + DSS and WT + DSS mice had numerous dysplastic lesions in comparable numbers. However, uPA deficiency Trichostatin A purchase significantly correlated with a more advanced grade of the dysplastic lesions. This finding co-existed with a more robust infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages and an inflammatory response characterized by significantly elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-17, and especially IL-6. The concomitant elevation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was evidently unable

to downregulate these inflammatory cells and cytokines, which have been shown to promote carcinogenesis in the colon and other sites Dapagliflozin [6], [7], [9], [53] and [64]. The uPA−/− + DSS mouse colitis was also different from the one in WT + DSS mice in that it exhibited less T-lymphocytes in the ulcerative lesions and the remaining colonic lamina propria and more in the organized lymphoid tissue of the bowel. Likewise, the Foxp3 + suppressive

subset of T-lymphocytes (Treg) followed a similar pattern. This finding suggests that T-lymphocytes and Treg accumulate in the organized lymphoid bowel tissue and MLN of uPA−/− + DSS mice, but their translocation in the damaged mucosa is retarded. This is probably due to their reduced mobility because of the altered cell–extracellular matrix interactions caused by the lack of uPA-mediated proteolysis [11] and [61]. Our findings regarding Treg are interesting, given the debated role of this immune-suppressive subset of lymphocytes in carcinogenesis [53], [65] and [66]. Indeed, the roles of Treg in cancer appear paradoxical. Studies correlating high densities of tumor-associated Treg with poor prognosis in several types of human cancers are now challenged by studies on the same types of cancer demonstrating correlation with longer survival of patients [67], [68], [69], [70], [71] and [72].

The current in the receiving coil can then be transformed into a power source for the implanted hardware or data signals can be extracted. Several

limiting factors in this approach complicate the design of wireless stimulating implants of any kind, neural prostheses included. The first is that the most efficient transfer of electromagnetic energy between the selleck compound primary and secondary coils occurs when the coils directly appose each other; physical separation and misalignment therefore impose an efficiency penalty due to the “uncoupling” of the transmitting and receiving coils (Rasouli and Phee, 2010). In particular, rapid reductions in power transfer efficiency are seen with relative angles >20° between the transmitting and receiving coils (Ng et al., 2011). This is particularly find more problematic for retinal implants, in which eye movement may require the use of additional coil pairs to ensure consistent coupling (Ng et al., 2011). In a cortical prosthesis the implanted electrode arrays may be self-contained, including inductive coils for power and data transmit/receive (Lowery, 2013 and Rush et al., 2011), or the power/data transfer electronics and coil may be separate from the arrays themselves (Coulombe et al., 2007). An advantage of the self-contained

array approach is the lack of any requirement for tethering, which may reduce damage to the cortex from relative motion of the brain and arrays in the long term (see Section 6.3.1). However, a disadvantage of the self-contained coils is the variation in coupling between the individual implanted array coils and the external coil. For example, arrays implanted on the medial surface of the occipital pole may be at a greater angle to the transmitting coil than those on the more lateral surface. Furthermore, if arrays are implanted more anteriorly onto medial calcarine cortex, these would be more distant from, and orthogonal to the external coil than the more

superficial arrays, resulting in poor or zero coupling and energy transfer. Aside from tethering medial arrays to a more superficially-mounted Morin Hydrate coil, alternatives may include the aforementioned optical or ultrasonic approaches to power and/or data transfer. Another consideration in the use of wireless power and data transfer derives from the absorption of electromagnetic energy by tissue, which increases exponentially with frequency (Al-Kalbani et al., 2012); the need to transfer sufficient power while maintaining high data transfer rates therefore introduces competing constraints that complicate the design process. Moreover, the separate wire coils used for data and power transfer can interfere with each other, introducing complexity to the design of receiving hardware (Kiani and Ghovanloo, 2014 and Rush et al., 2011).

In addition to the respiratory tract tissues, the following organs were fixed, processed, and histopathologically examined to clarify whether long-term MS inhalation induced any extra-pulmonary carcinogenesis by in this PFT�� solubility dmso model: both adrenal glands, aorta abdominalis, bone (os femoris with joint), bone marrow (cervical, thoracic,

sternum, lumbar, os femoris), brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, hippocampus, paraventricular parts), caecum, diaphragm, ductus thoracicus, both epididymes, eye with optic nerve, gall bladder, gross lesions observed, Harderian glands, heart (left and right ventricle, septum), small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (colon, rectum), both kidneys and ureters, both lacrimal glands (infraorbitalis, extraorbitalis), liver, lymph nodes (axillary, bronchial, cervical, inguinal, mandibular, mediastinal, mesenteric, paraaortic, poplietus), mammary gland, mucosa (mouth), muscle (skeletal), nerve (sciatic), esophagus, olfactory bulb, both ovaries and the mesovarium, see more pancreas, pituitary, both preputial glands, prostate, salivary glands (submandibular, parotid), both seminal vesicles, skin, spleen, sternum, stomach and forestomach, both testes, thymus, both thyroids (including parathyroids), tissue masses or tumors, tongue (inclusive base), urethra, urinary bladder, uterus (including cervix and

both uterine horns and oviducts), and vagina. Histopathological Interleukin-2 receptor preparations of respiratory tract organs were performed at Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany. The histopathological evaluation was performed by Histovia GmbH, Overath, Germany. All pulmonary proliferative lesions were classified according to international classifications and criteria (Brambilla et al., 2001 and Dungworth

et al., 2001). Histopathological preparations of non-respiratory tract organs were performed by the Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology GmbH & Co KG, Hamburg, Germany. The histopathological examination was performed by Toxicologic Pathology Consultancy (Kiel, Germany). Classification of neoplastic lesions in the various organs except the lungs was performed (according to the criteria defined by Mohr, 2001). All histopathological examinations were performed without knowledge of the treatment groups. Gene expression analysis was performed on lung tumor samples from the MS-300 and sham control groups. Frozen sections (20 μm) from whole lung tissue were placed on sterilized glass slides and stained with cresyl violet. Total tissues from single lung tumors were collected from these slides using laser capture micro-dissection (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) except of one slide, which was preserved for the histopathological characterization of the tumor. The tumor tissues were immediately lysed with Qiazol lysis buffer (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany).

Screenees: 1027 of 1032 (>99%) colonoscopy screenees who completed both knowledge and attitude items had adequate knowledge; 915 (89%) colonoscopy screenees also had a positive Erismodegib in vitro attitude; 815 of 824 (99%) CT colonography screenees who completed both items had adequate knowledge and 742 (90%) also had a positive attitude. Non-screenees: 675 of 698 (97%) colonoscopy non-screenees had adequate knowledge, 344 (49%) also had a negative attitude.

Of the 192 responding CT colonography non-screenees, 180 (94%) had adequate knowledge and 94 (49%) also had a negative attitude. Non-screenees often had adequate knowledge and a positive attitude toward screening: 47% of responding colonoscopy non-screenees (331/698) and 45% of responding CT colonography non-screenees

(86/192). Our study shows that a large majority of colonoscopy and CT colonography screenees make informed decisions about taking part in a population-based colorectal cancer screening program, compared to about half of responding non-screenees. Both in the colonoscopy and in the CT colonography almost half of the responding non-screenees had adequate knowledge and a positive attitude, suggesting the existence www.selleckchem.com/products/bmn-673.html of additional barriers to participation. Our study has several strengths. Data were collected in a large pilot colorectal cancer screening program, designed as a randomized trial. All invitations were sent in the same time period, minimizing external influences through Ponatinib purchase general public awareness. The information leaflets of both examinations were identically designed where appropriate and all screenees received a standardized consultation to inform them about the entire screening procedure.

At the time of our study, the Netherlands did not have a population-based colorectal cancer screening program. The decision to participate in a randomized trial, such as this one, differs from the decision to participate in a population-based screening program. It is very well possible that the willingness to participate in a trial does not perfectly translate into the willingness to take part in a more widely announced national screening program. As such, the proportions observed in our study do not unconditionally apply to population-based screening programs in general. We should also mention that the definition of informed decision making as defined by Marteau et al. is not perfect. In decision-making about screening there may be predictable barriers to participation, like expected burden and immobility of an invitee, and unpredictable barriers, such as an acute illness, which might result in differences between intended and actual behavior [37]. We defined adequate knowledge as correct responses to more than half of the knowledge items, an arbitrary cut-off.

The contributions of Maria Amaya, Megha Desai, Shou Zhen Wang, Sheng Zu Zhu, and many past students and fellows to the work done in the author’s laboratory is gratefully acknowledged. The helpful Omipalisib mouse assistance of Amy Jones in preparation of this manuscript is most appreciated. “
“Naoaki Harada, Juan Zhao, Hiroki Kurihara, Naomi Nakagata, and Kenji Okajima Desalted deep-sea water improves cognitive function in mice by increasing the production of insulin-like growth factor-I in the hippocampus. Translational Research 2011;158:106–17 In the August 2011 issue of Translational Research, we found that figures 4A∼4I were incorrect. Thus, we

replaced these figures by correct ones. Authors regret this error and apologize for any confusion Depsipeptide mw and inconvenience it may have caused. Figure options Download full-size image Download high-quality image (474 K) Download as PowerPoint slide “
“We wish to acknowledge the outstanding contributions of our reviewers and Editorial Advisory Board during the past year. The quality and breadth of the Journal is only made

possible by the dedicated efforts of our reviewers. Fadi Akar Ziyad Al-Aly Conrad Alano Lori Altshuler Ana Andreazza Laura Andreoli George Asare Arif Asif Veronika Bachanova Jeehyeon Bae Bryan Becker David Beer Chris Benson Lars Berglund Sangeeta Bhorade Darell Bigner Matthew Bilodeau Philip Binkley Markus Bitzer Istvan Boldogh James Bonner Carol Bradford Camille Brasselet George Brewer Nils Brunner Steve Brunwasser Roy Calne Andrew Campbell Haris Carageorgiou Jose Cavazos Edgar Charles Lee-Young Chau Jorge Chavarro Min Chen Matthew Ciorba Paolo Colombo Gyorgy Csako Massimo Cugno Glenn Cunningham

Louis D’Alecy Hiranmoy Das Yvonne Datta Daniel De Backer Elfride De Baere Hiram Dokainish Nicholas Donato J. Downey Liqin Du Warwick Dunn Richard Effros Oliver Eickelberg Scott Ely Philip Factor Susan Fagan Denis Feliers Aaron Fischer Steven Fisher Aime Franco Nikolaos Frangogiannis Sophia Frangou Ken Freedland Panfeng Fu Crystal Gadegbeku Luciano Gattinoni Lois J. Geist MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit Jian-Guo Geng Jon George Ioannis Georgiou William Gerthoffer Sourav Ghosh Don Gibbons Scott Gitlin Ben Glaser Harry Goldsmith Dmitry Gregoryev Thomas Gremmel David Gretch Helena Gylling Joel F. Habener Pavel Hamet Anne Hamik Jean Hartley Khaled Hassan Derek Hausenloy Charles Heilig J. F. Hejtmancik Donald Henderson Norah Henry Pedro Hernandez-Cortes Chaim Hershko Helen Heslop Jay Hess Karen Hirschi Jacqueline Ho Walter Horl Joanna-Marie Howes C. P. Hu Richard Hurwitz Allan Jaffe Edward N. Janoff Eijiro Jimi Min Joo Ravi Kalhan Mike Kapiloff Yousuf Karim Reena Kartha B. S.

The F. verticillioides colonies on each plate were counted to determine the number of CFUs per gram of root and/or stem. DsRed-labeled fungus- and mock-inoculated roots were sampled at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 144 h after inoculation (HAI), ground using a mortar and a pestle, and then mixed in 10 ml of acetonitrile/water (1:1, V/V) containing 5% formic acid. The mixture was shaken vigorously on a rocker shaker (220 r min− 1) for 3 h [32] to disrupt the fungal colonies prior to incubation. The extracts were diluted 1000-fold with acetonitrile/water (3:7, V/V) containing 1% formic acid and diluted samples were subjected to competitive ELISA using a Beacon

FB1 plate kit (Portland, OR, USA). The absorbance of samples was read at 450 nm with a fluoremeter RT-6000 (Rayto Life and Analytical Sciences Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China). F. verticillioides is sensitive to the pH of maize roots buy Ceritinib which can affect its growth and metabolism. To determine the pH of maize roots inoculated with the DsRed-labeled fungus, roots (0.5 g) were sampled from plants at 144 h after inoculation, ground, and suspended in 5 ml of deionized water. A standard pH electrode (VWR Scientific, West Chester, PA, USA) was used to determine the pH of each sample. Analysis of total starch in root was performed by the amyloglucosidase/α-amylase method (AOAC method 996.11) with the total starch assay kit from Megazyme

(Wicklow, Ireland). Three samples were MAPK Inhibitor Library analyzed for each maize line as replicates. The experiments for parameter determination were carried out twice. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using PROC GLM procedure in SAS statistical package (version 9.1, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Treatment means were compared by Duncan’s multiple-range test (P < 0.05). Wild type of F. verticillioides was co-cultured with A. tumefaciens cells containing the target gene DsRed to generate DsRed-labeled fungal strains.

After three rounds of selection on hygromycin B-containing PDA, hygromycin B-resistant transformants were subjected to epifluorescent microscopic observation. Flucloronide Using the gene-specific primers, amplification of DNA confirmed the integration of DsRed gene in the genome of the wild type. Based on analyses of mitotic stability of DsRed protein expression, growth rates of colonies, and metabolism of extracelluar enzymes, i.e., protease, cellulase, amylase and pectase, strain FVR-12 was used in the study because it resembled the wild type for most of the characteristics examined (data not shown). The susceptible maize line B73 and resistant line Qi 319 were infected with F. verticillioides strain expressing DsRed through root inoculation. The conidia germinated on the root surfaces of both lines at 24 HAI. On line B73 the fungus formed runner hyphae ( Fig. 1-a). The quantity of hyphae colonized on B73 was greater than that on Qi 319 ( Fig. 1-b and c).