To identify the mechanisms, we investigated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and found that Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p70S6K were down-regulated, whereas 4EBP1 was up-regulated in miR-7-overexpressing subclones. We also identified two novel, putative miR-7 target genes, mTOR and p70S6K,

which further suggests that miR-7 may be a key regulator of the PI3K/Akt pathway. In xenograft animal experiments, we found that overexpressed miR-7 effectively repressed tumor growth (3.5-fold decrease in mean tumor volume; n = 5) and abolished extrahepatic migration from liver to lung in a nude mouse model of metastasis DNA Damage inhibitor (n = 5). The number of visible nodules on the lung surface

was reduced by 32-fold. A correlation between miR-7 and PIK3CD expression was also confirmed in clinical samples of HCC. Conclusion: These findings indicate that miR-7 functions as a tumor suppressor and plays a substantial role in inhibiting the tumorigenesis and reversing the metastasis of HCC through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR-signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. By targeting PIK3CD, mTOR, and p70S6K, miR-7 efficiently regulates the PI3K/Akt pathway. Given these selleck compound results, miR-7 may be a potential therapeutic or diagnostic/prognostic target for treating HCC. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;55:18521862)”
“Teleost fish are in direct contact with the aquatic environment, and are therefore in continual contact with a complex and dynamic microbiota, some of which may have implications see more for health. Mucosal surfaces represent the main sites in which environmental antigens and intestinal microbiota interact with the host. Thus, the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) must develop mechanisms to discriminate between pathogenic and commensal microorganisms. Colonization of intestinal mucosal surfaces with a normal microbiota has a positive effect on immune regulatory functions of the gut, and disturbance in these immune regulatory

functions by an imbalanced microbiota may contribute to the development of diseases. Significant attention has therefore been recently focused on the role of probiotics in the induction or restoration of a disturbed microbiota to its normal beneficial composition. Given this, this article explores the fascinating relationship between the fish immune system and the bacteria that are present in its intestinal microbiota, focusing on the bacterial effect on the development of certain immune responses.”
“Galium aparine is a herbaceous climbing plant that attaches to host plants mainly via its leaves, which are covered by hooked trichomes. Although such hooks are found on both leaf surfaces, the leaves of G. aparine are mainly positioned upon the leaves of supporting plants and rarely beneath.

A sleep log, a questionnaire, and a polysomnography were used to differentiate the two bedding systems. Results and Conclusion. Heart rate variability and arterial pressure variability analyses showed that the strong bedding system resulted in decreased cardiovascular sympathetic modulation, increased cardiac vagal activity, and increased baroreceptor reflex sensitivity during sleep as compared to the weak

bedding system. Different bedding systems have distinct cardiovascular effects during sleep that can be predicted by MMT.”
“Enhanced fucosyltransferase IV (FUT4) expression correlates with increased tumor malignancy in many carcinomas. However, little is known about the regulation SIS3 of FUT4 expression, and whether FUT4 expression is influenced by the methylation status of the FUT4 promoter is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that FUT4 expression is negatively correlated with the methylation degree of a CpG island in the FUT4 promoter, suggesting that the methylation status of FUT4 promoter regulates the expression of FUT4. The results indicate that manipulating the methylation status of the FUT4 promoter to regulate FUT4 expression may be a novel approach in the treatment of malignant tumors.”
“To compare results of capsule endoscopy with those of barium enteroclysis or CT enteroclysis.\n\nRetrospective review of hospital

records revealed 65 patients who had an enteroclysis and small bowel capsule buy MLN4924 endoscopy. The diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy was compared with the enteroclysis using Fisher’s exact test.\n\nThe main indications were obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 37) and suspected Crohn

disease (n = 17). Radiologic studies included CT enteroclysis (n = 30), and fluoroscopic barium enteroclysis with carbon dioxide (n = 18) or with methylcellulose (n = 17). Capsule endoscopy had a higher diagnostic yield (8/17) compared to barium-methylcellulose cellulose enteroclysis (1/17) (P = 0.02). The diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy was not significantly different compared with barium-carbon dioxide (12/18 vs. 10/18) enteroclysis or with CT enteroclysis (9/30 vs. 8/30). Vascular lesions were better assessed Citarinostat with capsule endoscopy. However, the CT enteroclysis found more lesions in patients with chronic abdominal pain.\n\nBarium-carbon dioxide enteroclysis and CT enteroclysis have similar diagnostic yields for small bowel disease compared to capsule endoscopy. Barium methylcellulose has an inferior diagnostic yield.”
“Maternal depression is an enormous, neglected public health problem in low- and middle-income countries (LAMICs). Evidence is accumulating to guide intervention, focused on integrating mental health care into routine maternal and child health care through a task sharing approach. Key questions around the owho, what, when, where and how?’ of intervention will be discussed in relation to the existing evidence base.

“
“Determining the Selleck CBL0137 handedness of visually presented stimuli is thought to involve two separate stages-a rapid, implicit recognition of laterality followed by a confirmatory mental rotation of the matching hand. In two studies, we explore the role of the dominant and non-dominant hands in this process.

In Experiment 1, participants judged stimulus laterality with either their left or right hand held behind their back or with both hands resting in the lap. The variation in reactions times across these conditions reveals that both hands play a role in hand laterality judgments, with the hand which is not involved in the mental rotation stage causing some interference, slowing down mental rotations and making them more accurate. While this interference occurs for both lateralities in right-handed people, it occurs for the dominant hand only in left-handers. This is likely due to left-handers’ greater reliance on the initial, visual recognition stage than on the later, mental rotation stage, particularly

when judging hands from the non-dominant laterality. Participants’ own judgments of whether the stimuli were ‘self’ and ‘other’ hands in Experiment 2 suggest a difference in strategy for hands seen from an egocentric and allocentric perspective, with a combined visuo-sensorimotor strategy for the former and a visual only strategy for the latter. This result is discussed with reference to recent brain imaging research showing that the extrastriate body area distinguishes between bodies and body parts in egocentric and allocentric perspective.”
“Material Buparlisib in vivo and methods: Twenty five patients, seven with transudative PEs due to heart failure and 18 with exudative malignant selleck kinase inhibitor PEs (7 with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and 11 with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC)) were included in the study. Expression analysis of the mediators was performed in pleural fluid pellet using real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Protein expression has been evaluated by western blot analysis.\n\nResults: SDF-TR1 (P = 0.02) but not SDF-TR2 (P = 0.23) or CXCR4 levels (P = 0.23) were higher in malignant PEs than in transudates. SDF-TR1 (P = 0.04) and SDF- TR2 levels

(P = 0.04) but not CXCR4 levels (P = 0.123) were higher in SCLC PEs than in heart failure PEs. SDF-TR1 (P = 0.03) but not SDF-TR2 levels (P = 0.6) and CXCR4 levels (P = 0.4) were higher in NSCLC PEs than in transudates. Ang-1 has not been expressed in PEs, whereas no significant difference has been detected in VEGF and Ang-2 expression between malignant PEs and transudates. However, protein expression showed increased VEGF and SDF expression in malignant PEs.\n\nConclusions: These results suggest that elevated SDF-1 alpha/CXCL12 levels would be suggestive of a link to metastasis and may participate in pleural trafficking in lung cancer.”
“Follistatin (FS) is one of several secreted proteins that modulate the activity of TGF-beta family members during development.

The relative weights and the scores from the NRS were used to compute the PACADI score (range 0 to 10). The patients also completed Edmonton Symptom Assessment

System (ESAS) and EQ-5D.\n\nDimensions reported by more than 20 % of the patients were included in the PACADI score (relative weights in parenthesis): pain/discomfort (0.16), fatigue (0.16), anxiety (0.15), bowel/digestive buy SCH727965 problems (0.14), loss of appetite (0.13), dry mouth (0.11), itchiness (0.08), and nausea (0.07). The PACADI score in the 80 PC patients had a mean (SD) value of 3.26 (2.06) (95 % CI 2.80, 3.71), was moderately to strongly correlated to ESAS sense of well-being (r = 0.69) and EQ-5D (r = -0.52), and discriminated significantly between patients with and without PC.\n\nThe PACADI score is a new eight-item, patient-derived, disease-specific measure. Preliminary validation regarding construct validity and discrimination encourages further validation in independent patient samples.”
“Background: We have recently shown that intranasal administration of mouse [D-Leu-4]-OB3 reconstituted in Intravail (R) to male Swiss Webster mice resulted in significantly higher bioavailability than commonly used injections methods of delivery. The absorption pro. le associated with intranasal

delivery of mouse [D-Leu-4]-OB3 showed an early peak representing absorption across the nasal mucosa, and a later peak suggesting EPZ004777 a gastrointestinal site of uptake.\n\nAim and Methods: In the present study, we examined the effects of orally administered (by gavage) mouse [d-Leu-4]-OB3 on energy balance, glycaemic control and serum osteocalcin levels

in male C57BL/6J wild-type and ob/ob mice allowed food and water ad libitum or calorie restricted by 40% of normal intake.\n\nResults: In wild-type mice fed ad libitum, oral delivery of mouse [d-Leu-4]-OB3 reduced body weight gain, food intake and serum glucose, by 4.4, 6.8 and 28.2% respectively. Serum osteocalcin levels and water intake were essentially find more the same in control and treated wild-type mice. In ob/ob mice fed ad libitum, mouse [d-Leu-4]-OB3 reduced body weight gain, food intake, water intake and serum glucose by 11.6, 16.5, 22.4 and 24.4% respectively. Serum osteocalcin in ob/ob mice treated with mouse [d-Leu-4]-OB3 was elevated by 62% over controls. Calorie restriction alone caused significant weight loss in both wild-type (9.0%) and ob/ob (4.8%) mice, and mouse [d-Leu-4]-OB3 did not further enhance this weight loss. As expected, serum glucose levels in wild-type and ob/ob mice were significantly reduced by calorie restriction alone. Mouse [d-Leu-4]-OB3 further reduced serum glucose in wild-type mice and normalized levels in ob/ob mice. Calorie restriction alone reduced serum osteocalcin levels by 44.2% in wild-type mice and by 19.1% in ob/ob mice. Mouse [d-Leu-4]-OB3 prevented this decrease in groups of mice.

This review discusses the efficacy of the AIs in improving DDFS in the different adjuvant settings and explores whether significant improvements in DDFS correlate with meaningful improvements in OS or breast cancer-associated mortality. Significant DDFS improvement may be a Dibutyryl-cAMP quicker, better end point in clinical trials, leading to a more efficient, faster assessment of treatment efficacy.”
“Two strains of Arcobacter butzleri, ATCC 49616 and an

environmental isolate, became nonculturable in seawater microcosms at 4 C by 20 days and at room temperature by 14 days. Nonculturable cells were viable for up to 270 days of incubation in microcosms. Resuscitation of A. butzleri cells from microcosms at both temperatures was achieved 9 days after nutrient addition.”
“For the efficient stimulation of T cells by tumor Ag, tumor-derived material has to be presented by dendritic cells (DC). This very likely involves the uptake of dead tumor cells by DC. Cell death in tumors often occurs through

apoptosis, but necrotic cell death may also be prevalent. This distinction is relevant because numerous studies have proposed that apoptotic cells have immunosuppressive effects while necrosis may be stimulatory. However, a system has been lacking that would allow the induction of apoptosis or necrosis without side effects by the death stimuli used experimentally. In this study, we present such a system

and test its effects on immune cells in vitro. B16 mouse melanoma cells buy VS-6063 were generated and underwent cell death through the doxycycline-inducible induction of death proteins. In one cell line, the induction of Bim(S), induced rapid apoptosis, in the other line the induction of the FADD death domain induced nonapoptotic/necrotic cell death. Bim(S)-induced apoptosis was associated with the typical morphological and biochemical changes. FADD death domain induced necrosis occurred through a distinct pathway involving RIP1 and the loss of membrane integrity in the absence of apoptotic changes. Apoptotic and necrotic cells were taken up with comparable efficiency by DC. OVA expressed in cells dying by either apoptosis or necrosis was cross-presented to OT-1 T cells and induced their selleck compound proliferation. These results argue that it is not the form of cell death but its circumstances that decide the question whether cell death leads to a productive T cell response. The Journal of Immunology, 2009, 182: 4538-4546.”
“Objectives: We investigated the outcomes of reinforcing anastomotic sites using (1) non biodegradable polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) felt, (2) biodegradable polyglycolic acid (PGA) felt, and (3) PGA felt with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in a canine descending thoracic aortic replacement model.

In the laboratory, G. pulex was exposed to several Ni concentrations (from 0.001 to 100 mg L-1) in aquatic microcosms. Our results show that G. pulex is very tolerant to Ni (LC50(48 h) = 477 mg L-1 Ni). Time course experiments enabled the construction of a biodynamic model by determining the uptake (k(u)) and elimination (k(e)) rate constants. When the exposure concentration exceeded 1 mg L-1 Ni, the metal uptake reached a maximum due to a limited number of binding sites for Ni. Therefore, the organism’s maximal capacity to accumulate the metal (B-max) and the half-saturation constant (K) were determined to establish the learn more saturation model. We showed

that the two models are comparable for the lowest exposure concentrations (<1 mg L-1 Ni), with k(u)/k(e) = B-max/K. Then, the bioaccumulation of Ni

was recorded in waters exhibiting various concentrations of three major ions (Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+). Only Ca had an inhibitory effect on the Ni uptake. This study reports for the first time the bioaccumulation of Ni in G. pulex. Because of its high tolerance to Ni and its high capacity to accumulate this metal, this crustacean could be used as an indicator of Ni bioavailability in freshwaters. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The purpose of this review is to investigate the feasibility of bioaerosol fingerprinting based on current understanding of cellular debris (with emphasis on human-emitted particulates) in aerosols and arguments regarding Selleck Panobinostat sampling, sensitivity, separations, and detection schemes. Target aerosol particles include cellular material click here and proteins emitted by humans, animals, and plants and can be regarded as information-rich packets that carry biochemical information specific to the living organisms present where the sample is collected. In this work we discuss sampling and analysis techniques that can be integrated with molecular (e.g.

protein)-detection procedures to properly assess the aerosolized cellular material of interest. Developing a detailed understanding of bioaerosol molecular profiles in different environments suggests exciting possibilities of bioaerosol analysis with applications ranging from military defense to medical diagnosis and wildlife identification”
“Six genera of the subfamily Tersilochinae (Barycnemis, Diaparsis, Gelanes, Phradis, Probles and Tersilochus) are recognized in South Korea. Two genera, Diaparsis and Tersilochus, were previously recognized from South Korea, whereas the other four genera are recorded from this country for the first time. All genera found in South Korea, except the almost cosmopolitan Diaparsis, are entirely or predominantly Holarctic. A key to the six genera of Tersilochine occurring in South Korea is provided. Two genera of Korean Tersilochinae (Barycnemis and Phradis) are reviewed here, and a key to the other four species (B.bellator, B.dissimilis, P.kyushuensis and P.

“
“Passage of humic acids (HAs) through the digestive tract of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida andrei, resulted in a decrease in molecular masses of the HAs. The effect of earthworm-modified HAs on individual bacteria and on bacterial communities as a whole is different from the effect of native HAs. Modified HA probably induces and regulates microbial successions in soils and composts in a different manner

than the native HA, suppressing or stimulating different groups of microorganisms. These results may explain why the positive effects of commercial humates in real soil ecosystems, unlike model communities, attenuate rapidly.”
“One dimensional W/WO2.72 heterostructures were successfully synthesized using WO3 as the raw material by a simple two-step chemical vapor deposition process. The morphology and microstructure of the W/WO2.72 heterostuctures LY2835219 clinical trial were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and

transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that the long and straight central axial W whiskers grow along [1 1 0] direction, while the branched WO2.72 nanowires grow on the side surface of the W whiskers along the radial direction, with [0 1 0] as the growth direction. The as-synthesized heterostuctures exhibit enhanced field emission property over the single W whiskers, Compound Library in vivo and could be used as a candidate for field-emission devices and ultrahigh sensitivity sensors due to their unique composition and structure. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Goal scoring represents the ultimate purpose of soccer and this is achieved when players perform accurate kicks. The purpose Napabucasin in vivo of the present study was to compare accurate and inaccurate soccer kicks aiming to top and bottom targets. Twenty-one soccer players

performed consecutive kicks against top and bottom targets (0.5 m(2)) placed in the center of the goal. The kicking trials were categorized as accurate or inaccurate. The activation of tibialis anterior (TA), rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF) and gastrocnemius muscle (GAS) of the swinging leg and the ground reaction forces (GRFs) of the support leg were analyzed. The GRFs did not differ between kicking conditions (P>0.05). There was significantly higher TA and BF and lower GAS EMG activity during accurate kicks to the top target (P<0.05) compared with inaccurate kicks. Furthermore, there was a significantly lower TA and RF activation during accurate kicks against the bottom target (P<0.05) compared with inaccurate kicks. Enhancing muscle activation of the TA and BF and reducing GAS activation may assist players to kick accurately against top targets. In contrast, players who display higher TA and RF activation may be less accurate against a bottom target. It was concluded that muscle activation of the kicking leg represents a significant mechanism which largely contributes to soccer kick accuracy. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this paper we report results of our investigation of the trapping characteristics

of Al0.25Ga0.75N/GaN HEMT using the Conductance Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (CDLTS). Two deep level electronic defects were observed labeled E-1 and HL1, with activation energies E-a1 = 1.36 eV and E-a2 = 0.63 eV. AG-014699 nmr The hole-trap HL1 is characterized for the first time in our studies. We identified the characteristics of the traps at the AlGaN/GaN interface adjoining the channel and the surface along the ungated region between the gate and the drain, as well as the effects of the surface traps. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The evolution of light sensitive cells probably began with a primitive functional unit composed of a photoreceptor cell and a pigmented cell. Even during embryonic development this functional unit

is formed in a differentiation process in which the two interacting partners depend on each other. For some of the most important forms of retinal degeneration this knowledge on the functional cooperation between retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors is of great importance for analysis and development of therapeutic approaches. In this way mutations of genes which are expressed in photoreceptors can lead to diseases which start in the retinal pigment epithelium and vice versa. This article summarizes the variety of different functions of the retinal pigment epithelium and describes the failure of those functions which are of most clinical importance.”
“Objectives: Retained Selleck Ricolinostat placenta after cesarean delivery (RPAC) is a rare phenomenon that has not been previously studied in detail. The objective of our study was to identify potential risk factors that predispose to the development of this obstetrical

complication.\n\nMethods: We performed a retrospective case-control study comparing 20 cases of RPAC with 40 matched controls, using logistic regression models to test likely risk factors.\n\nResults: selleck compound RPAC occurred in 0.16% of cesarean deliveries in our population. The crude odds ratio (OR) of RPAC was increased in patients who had preterm delivery (PTD) (OR=9.06, 95% CI: 2.04-40.29), conceived with artificial reproductive technology (ART) (OR=5.03, 95% CI: 1.24-20.40), and carried multiples (OR=18.89, 95% CI: 2.29-151.23). Conversely, for each week of gestation the odds of RPAC decreased by 0.57 (95% CI: 0.40-0.82).\n\nConclusions: Earlier gestational age, PTD, use of ART and multiples are associated with increased OR of RPAC.”
“Despite detailed knowledge of the overall structural changes and stoichiometries of surfactant binding, little is known about which protein regions constitute the preferred sites of attack for initial unfolding.

Its urotoxicity may cause dose-limiting side effects like hemorrhagic cystitis. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during inflammation is one of the reasons of the urothelial injury. Selenoproteins CP 868596 play crucial roles in regulating ROS and redox status in nearly all tissues; therefore, in this study, the urotoxicity of CP and the possible protective effects of seleno-l-methionine (SLM) on urinary bladder of rats were investigated. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 50, 100,

or 150 mg/kg CP induced cystitis, in a dose-dependent manner, as manifested by marked congestion, edema and extravasation in rat urinary bladder, a marked desquamative damage to the urothelium, severe inflammation in the lamina propria, focal erosions, and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes associated with occasional lymphocyte infiltration determined by macroscopic and histopathological examination. In rat urinary bladder tissue, a significant decrease in the endogenous antioxidant compound glutathione, and elevation AZD4547 of lipid peroxidation were also noted. Pretreatment with SLM (0.5 or 1 mg/kg) produced a significant decrease in the bladder edema and caused a marked decrease in vascular

congestion and hemorrhage and a profound improvement in the histological structure. Moreover, SLM pretreatment decreased lipid peroxide significantly in urinary bladder tissue, and glutathione content was greatly restored. These results suggest that SLM offers protective effects against CP-induced urinary bladder toxicity and could be used as a protective agent against the drug toxicity.”
“The aim of this study has been to investigate the antiplatelet activity of a new series of thienylacylhydrazone derivatives analogous to the lead compound LASSBio-294 ((2-thienylidene) 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoylhydrazine).

The antiplatelet effect was investigated in rabbit and human platelet rich plasma stimulated by arachidonic acid, collagen, ADP and in washed platelet stimulated by thrombin. The effects Torin 2 on the production of cyclic nucleotides and thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) in human platelets were also investigated. Compounds LASSBio-785 (N-Methyl (2-thienylidene) 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoylhydrazine), LASSBio-786 (N-Benzyl (2-thienylidene) 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoylhydrazine), LASSBio-787 ((5-Methyl-2-thienylidene) 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoylhydrazine), LASSBio-788 (N-Allyl (2-thienylidene) 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoylhydrazine) and LASSBio-789 ((5-Bromo-2-thienylidene) 3,4-methylenedioxybezoylhydrazine) inhibited platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, collagen and ADP. LASSBio-785, LASSBio-788 and LASSBio-789 presented the higher potency in platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid (IC50 values of 0.3, 0.2 and 3.1 mu M, respectively) and collagen (IC50 values of 0.9, 1.5 and 3.4 uM, respectively), with a 20 to 70-fold increase in potency compared to LASSBio-294.

67, and 76.67 %, respectively, values that were significantly higher than those in the inferior turbinate group. The number of eosinophils in the nasal polyps was significantly higher than in the inferior turbinate group. Expression of p-STAT3 and VEGF in nasal polyps and eosinophil

infiltration was increased significantly and positively correlated, indicating that VEGF and eosinophil infiltration might be regulated by p-STAT3. Therefore, the expression of STAT3, p-STAT3, Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor and VEGF, and eosinophil infiltration might be important factors in nasal polyp pathogenesis.”
“In rainbow trout subcutaneous (in dorsal and ventral positions) and visceral fat deposits are known to influence the yield of edible flesh, whilst their respective roles in metabolism, storage and release of fatty acids have not, so far, been directly studied. The present work aimed to identify, by using 2D electrophoresis, proteins differentially expressed in isolated mature adipocytes originating from these various localizations in prepubescent females. A total of nine proteins were estimated to be differentially expressed according to the localisation of the adipocytes. Seven protein spots were considered to be present in the three fat deposits at differing abundances,

and among them only six were estimated as being specific to fat tissues. Among these, five were more abundant in subcutaneous adipocytes of both sites compared to perivisceral adipocytes. AL3818 supplier Four were identified: three as H-FABP, ATP synthase. serum deprivation-response protein, indicating higher metabolic activity in subcutaneous adipocytes, while the latter, annexin, indicative of a higher proportion of less mature adipocytes, as also suggested by their smaller mean diameter. The more abundant protein in visceral isolated adipocytes is actin, known to be involved GW786034 in cytoskeleton structure and to increase during adipogenesis. This allows us to suggest their more mature stage of development in relation with their higher mean diameter.

(C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Jakkamsetti V, Chang KQ, Kilgard MP. Reorganization in processing of spectral and temporal input in the rat posterior auditory field induced by environmental enrichment. J Neurophysiol 107: 1457-1475, 2012. First published November 30, 2011; doi:10.1152/jn.01057.2010.-Environmental enrichment induces powerful changes in the adult cerebral cortex. Studies in primary sensory cortex have observed that environmental enrichment modulates neuronal response strength, selectivity, speed of response, and synchronization to rapid sensory input. Other reports suggest that nonprimary sensory fields are more plastic than primary sensory cortex. The consequences of environmental enrichment on information processing in nonprimary sensory cortex have yet to be studied.