Such procedures must be performed in Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor centres where the operators are knowledgeable of the lesions being addressed, with full surgical, anaesthetic, nursing and imaging support.”
“OBJECTIVE: To analyze factors associated with discordance between tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) results among household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients.

DESIGN: TST

(purified protein derivative) and IGRA (QuantiFERON (R)-TB Gold) were performed on household contacts of PTB patients diagnosed between 2006 and 2007 in Salvador, Brazil. Discordant test groups were compared with the TST-/IGRA-group.

RESULTS: Of 261 household contacts satisfactorily tested by TST, 145 (55.6%) had positive TST results; of 298 satisfactorily tested by IGRA, 127 (43.1%) had positive results. The test agreement was 0.76 (kappa = 0.53, 95%CI 0.43-0.63). Sixty-one (24%) were discordant: 44 (72%) with TST+/IGRA- and 17 (28%) with TST-/IGRA+ results. Compared to the TST-/IGRA- group, the TST+/IGRA- and TST+/IGRA+ groups were significantly more likely to have selleckchem a chest X-ray showing old lung scars (OR = 6.8, 95%CI 1.3-35.0; OR = 7.4, 95 %CI 2.2-24.4, respectively). The TST-/IGRA+ group was exposed to their index cases for significantly longer

than the TST-/IGRA- group (OR = 7.2, 95%Cl 1.7-29.3).

CONCLUSION: The TST+/IGRA- and TST+/IGRA+ groups shared more similar characteristics with each other than with the TST-/IGRA- group. In a setting endemic for TB, TST results appear to be more suitable in the decision to treat latent TB infection.”
“The mycobiome, referring primarily to the fungal biota in an environment, is an important component of the human microbiome. Despite its importance, it has remained understudied. New culture-independent approaches Ricolinostat ic50 to determine microbial diversity, such as next-generation sequencing methods, are greatly broadening our view of fungal importance. An integrative analysis of current studies shows that different body sites harbor specific fungal

populations, and that diverse mycobiome patterns are associated with various diseases. By interfacing with other biomes, as well as with the host, the mycobiome probably contributes to the progression of fungus-associated diseases and plays an important role in health and disease.”
“Background and objective: Polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) are idiopathic inflammatory myopathies that are associated with a variety of clinical manifestations including pulmonary complications. The objective of the present study was to determine the causes of deaths in this complex patient population.

Results: Respiratory (33%), infectious (28%) and cardiovascular diseases (26%) accounted for the majority of immediate causes of death. Acute exacerbation of chronic interstitial lung disease (15%) and bronchopneumonia (15%) were the most common specific causes.

27% had an aortic arch angulation of <= 110 degrees and 24% had descending thoracic aorta angulation of <= 90 degrees. Significant ostial stenosis was identified in 31% of celiac arteries, 7% superior click here mesenteric arteries, 24% left renal artery and 19% right renal arteries. 11% of left common iliac and 7% right common iliac arteries had angulation of <= 70 degrees.

There were 26 cases with aortic dissection and 54% of these had a true lumen of <= 26 mm.

Conclusion: Successful fenestrated/branched stent graft repair of TAAAs requires adequate landing zones, cannulation of-visceral

arteries and suitable diameter access vessels. 60% of TAAAs studied were suitable for branched/fenestrated stent graft repair but 40% of TAAAs were unsuitable; aortic angulation, visceral vessel ostial stenosis and dissection true lumen diameter were the principle issues. Development in stent technology may address these anatomical challenges. (C) 2010 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARP) are involved in a number of processes that are vital for every

living cell. Once activated by the presence of DNA damage they trigger poly-ADP-ribosylation of various proteins which are crucial for DNA repair, preserving of genom integrity, regulation of transcription, MX69 cost proliferation and apoptosis. PARP1,

which is the best known enzyme of PARP protein family, plays a role in single-strand LOXO-101 research buy breaks (SSB) repair. Decrease of its activity results in accumulation of single strand DNA breaks (SSB) which leads as a consequence to double- strand breaks (DSBs). This disorder is particularly harmful to cells with deficiency of BRCA1/2 protein which is involved in repair of DNA double-strand breaks.

This phenomenon is an example of “”synthetic lethality”" concept and contributes to research on application of PARP inhibitors in treatment of cancers associated with BRCA1/2 protein defect (breast or ovarian cancer).

Noticed synergism between PARP inhibitors and genotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy determined another direction of research on application of these medicaments.

After promising results of phase I and II trials with most commonly investigated PARP inhibitors – iniparib and olaparib-which recruited patients with triple negative breast cancer and ovarian cancer, further studies started. This paper presents theoretical basis of PARP inhibitors action as well as critical review of most important clinical trials of these medicaments.”
“UV-Vis spectrometry has become a widespread analytical technique due to its inherent features (e.g., simplicity, ease of operation, convenience and economy).

003).

Conclusions: Tendon transfers about the shoulder can improve shoulder function in patients with brachial plexus injury resulting in a paralytic shoulder. Significant improvement of shoulder external rotation but only marginal improvements of shoulder abduction and flexion can be achieved. The outcome can be A-1155463 expected to be better in patients with less

severe nerve injury.”
“The exact biosynthetic pathways leading to benzoic acid (BA) formation in plants are not known, but labeling experiments indicate the contribution of both beta-oxidative and non-beta-oxidative pathways. In Petunia hybrida BA is a key precursor for the production of volatile benzenoids by its flowers. Using functional genomics, we identified a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, PhKAT1, which is involved in the benzenoid biosynthetic pathway and the production of BA. PhKAT1 is localised in the peroxisomes, where it is important for the formation of benzoyl-CoA-related compounds. Silencing of PhKAT1 resulted in a major reduction in BA and benzenoid formation, leaving the production of other phenylpropanoid-related volatiles unaffected. During the night, when volatile benzenoid production is highest, it is largely the b-oxidative pathway that contributes to the formation

of BA and benzenoids. BMN673 Our studies add the benzenoid biosynthetic pathway to the list of pathways in which 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolases are involved in plants.”
“A novel thermal stabilizer poly(dioctyltin maleate-styrene-methyl acrylate) [P(DOTM-St-MA)] was synthesized by radical solution polymerization with benzene MLN8237 ic50 as the solvent and 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. The

structure of terpolymer was characterized by FTIR and (1)H-NMR spectra, and thermal stability of the stabilizer was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Evaluation of [P(DOTM-St-MA)] as thermal stabilizer for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was measured by acidimeter, and the extent of changing color of PVC was measured by thermal aging method. Compatibilities of four stabilizers with PVC were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that, with the same tin content in PVC mixtures, [P(DOTM-St-MA)] exhibited better performance as a PVC stabilizer compared with other stabilizers, such as poly(dibutylin maleate-styrene-methyl acrylate), DOTM, and dibutylin maleate (DBTM). Furthermore, [P(DOTM-St-MA)] had better compatibility with PVC in PVC processing. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 113: 1216-1222, 2009″
“Background: Standard therapy for localized osteosarcoma includes neoadjuvant chemotherapy preceding local control surgery, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. When limb-salvage procedures were being developed, preoperative chemotherapy allowed a delay in definitive surgery to permit fabrication of custom endoprosthetic reconstruction implants.

5 x UNL were 0.738 (95% CI: 0.683-0.812) and 0.854(95% CI: 0.754-0.907).

Transient elastography is not adequate on its own to rule out or to rule in significant fibrosis, as it is influenced by major variations in biochemical activity of liver disease. Liver stiffness, at low levels of AST, can underestimate fibrosis.”
“A comparative genetic study of 23 field isolates. and vaccine strains of Pasteurella multocida associated with haemorrhagic septicaemia cases from Pakistan and Thailand was done using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The MLST sequence type (ST) for all 20 of the 23 isolates tested was 122. The PFGE results showed one band selleck difference between the Pakistani and the Thai isolates. Sequence type 122 is the dominant associated profile with haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) cases in South Asia. The study supports the concept of using PFGE for short-term epidemiology and MLST for long-term epidemiology. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Individuals in a malaria endemic community differ from one another. Many of these differences, such as heterogeneities in transmission or treatment-seeking click here behaviour, affect malaria epidemiology. The different kinds of heterogeneity are likely to be correlated. Little is known about their impact on the shape of age-prevalence and incidence curves. In this study, the effects of heterogeneity in transmission, treatment-seeking and risk of co-morbidity

were simulated.

Methods: Simple patterns of heterogeneity were incorporated

into a comprehensive individual-based model of Plasmodium falciparum malaria epidemiology. The different types of heterogeneity were systematically simulated individually, and in independent and co-varying pairs. The effects on age-curves for parasite prevalence, uncomplicated and severe episodes, direct and indirect mortality and first-line treatments and hospital admissions were examined.

Results: Different heterogeneities affected different outcomes with large effects reserved for outcomes which are directly affected by the action of the heterogeneity rather than via Selleck PLX3397 feedback on acquired immunity or fever thresholds. Transmission heterogeneity affected the age-curves for all outcomes. The peak parasite prevalence was reduced and all age-incidence curves crossed those of the reference scenario with a lower incidence in younger children and higher in older age-groups. Heterogeneity in the probability of seeking treatment reduced the peak incidence of first-line treatment and hospital admissions. Heterogeneity in co-morbidity risk showed little overall effect, but high and low values cancelled out for outcomes directly affected by its action. Independently varying pairs of heterogeneities produced additive effects. More variable results were produced for co-varying heterogeneities, with striking differences compared to independent pairs for some outcomes which were affected by both heterogeneities individually.

TetraCTs were dominant in the sample from Africa, Australia, Spitsbergen (European Arctic) and in a sample from the Baltic Sea, heptaCTs in samples from the North Sea and octaCTs in a sample from Iceland. The abundance of sumPCTs relative to PCB 153, estimated from the GC/ECNI-MS response corrected for the degree of chlorination, ranged from 0.9 to 8.8%, corresponding with similar to 0.22-2.2% of the total PCB content. The highest PCT level detected was 980 mg/kg

lipid in a harbour seal from the North Sea, Germany. The results from this study indicated that samples from certain areas, e.g. the North Sea may still be polluted with PCTs. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All Protease Inhibitor Library rights reserved,”
“The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) in a child remains challenging, given the limited diagnostic criteria and the somewhat poorly defined overlap with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Although selleckchem there are many similarities between pediatric-onset and adult-onset MS, an earlier age at disease presentation seems to be associated with specific features such as more frequent encephalopathy, seizures, and brainstem and cerebellar symptoms during the first event. In addition, the initial brain MRI scan of younger patients shows more frequent involvement

of the posterior fossa and higher numbers of ovoid, ill-defined T2-bright foci that often partially resolve on the follow-up scan, thereby challenging early diagnosis. Finally, the spinal fluid in younger patients may fail to reveal oligoclonal bands or elevated IgG index at disease onset.

No therapy for MS in children has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. As a result, physicians have started to use off-label drugs approved for adults. Recent data suggest that some children experience a disease breakthrough on first-line therapies approved for adult MS, and thus second-line therapies Vorinostat purchase must be considered.”
“In this paper, we describe a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method used to detect the antipsychotic drug bromperidol, in

biological post-mortem fluids (urine, blood and vitreous humour). The method was used to investigate an unusual case of death which occurred after bromperidol ingestion. A 44 year-old woman arrived at the emergency department in cardiac arrest. Her sister reported that the woman had taken several drops of a medicine containing bromperidol. An autopsy was performed and the biological fluid samples were submitted to a full toxicological work-up first and then to the target analysis of bromperidol. The analytical results obtained from the biological fluids collected at autopsy supported the hypothesis of death due to bromperidol intoxication.”
“There is significant risk of re-operation after pelvic reconstructive surgery.

001). Furthermore, the pretreatment serum levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were significantly higher among the patients with residual valve lesion (p = 0.002) than among those without the lesion (p < 0.001). The cutoff values were obtained for the prediction of residual valvular lesion (ICAM-1, > 1,032.3 mu g/ml; VCAM-1, > 3,662.3 mu g/ml; E-selectin, > 104.8 mu g/ml). Finally, by combining the three adhesion molecules in a single prediction model, the highest area under the curve (AUC) +/- A standard error (SE) was obtained (0.869 +/- A 0.052), and the positive likelihood ratio for having a residual valvular lesion was increased (17.33).

Levels of serum adhesion molecules could predict residual valvular lesions in RHD patients. The authors recommend 4-Hydroxytamoxifen clinical trial that the serum level of adhesion molecules be measured in all cases of ARF carditis.”
“Purpose: Biochemical markers of bone turnover reflecting the intensity of all selleck chemicals llc bone remodeling processes in skeleton are important for fast and non-invasive assessment of bone formation and resorption processes. They can be used in terms of both physiological and pathological states. The aim of this study was to investigate if bone metabolism markers can be clinically useful for monitoring of treatment in children and adolescents with osteosarcoma.

Material/Methods: The study consisted of 55 patients (median age 15

years) with osteosarcoma and 60 healthy age matched counterparts. Serum bone turnover markers (bone alkaline phosphatase – this website BALP, osteocalcin – OC and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen – CTX) were analyzed by immunoenzymatic methods in patients at time of diagnosis, during treatment and after therapy.

Results: We observed that before treatment the concentration of OC in patients with osteosarcoma was significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to that obtained in healthy children, however, BALP and CTX were at a similar level. During chemotherapy the values of

bone formation and resorption markers significantly decreased by about 20-30%. After therapy we observed different concentrations of all bone turnover markers in patients with favorable and unfavorable prognosis. Median values of OC and BALP were over twofold higher in patients with progression as compared to patients with remission of disease (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). Patients with poor prognosis had also higher serum concentration of bone resorption marker in comparison to patients with remission (p<0.01).

Conclusions: Presented results suggest that bone turnover markers identify changes in bone metabolism in patients with osteosarcoma during anticancer therapy. These markers due to the non-invasive methods and their specificity might be useful in monitoring of clinical treatment of osteosarcoma patients.

Five SSTRs were evaluated immunohistochemically

in 20 radical prostatectomies (RPs) with Gleason score (GS) 3+3=6 PCa, in 20 RSL3 manufacturer RPs with GS 4+4=8 and 4+5=9 PCa, and 20 transurethral resection of the prostate specimens with HR PCa. The mean values in the cytoplasm (all five SSTRs were expressed), membrane (only SSTR3 and SSTR4 were expressed) and nuclei (only SSTR4 and SSTR5 were expressed) of the glands in HR PCa were 20-70% lower than in the other two groups, the differences being statistically significant. All five SSTRs were expressed in the smooth muscle and endothelial cells of HR PCa, the mean values being lower than in the other two groups. In conclusion, this study expands our knowledge on the expression and localisation of five SSTRs in the various tissue components in the HR PCa compared with hormone-sensitive PCa. Asian

Journal of Andrology (2011) 13, Selleck Sotrastaurin 242-247; doi:10.1038/aja.2010.100; published online 13 December 2010″
“The TGA transcription factors belong to the subfamily of bZIP group D that play a major role in disease resistance and development. Most of the TGA identified in Arabidopsis interact with the master regulator of SAR, NPR1 that controls the expression of PR genes.

As a first approach to determine the possible involvement of these transcription factors in papaya defense, we characterized Arabidopsis TGA orthologs from the genome of Carica papaya cv. SunUp. Six orthologs CpTGA1 to CpTGA6, were identified. The predicted CpTGA proteins were highly similar to AtTGA sequences and probably share the same DNA binding properties and transcriptional regulation features. The protein sequences alignment

evidenced the presence of conserved domains, characteristic of this group of transcription factors. The phylogeny showed that CpTGA evolved into three different subclades associated with defense and https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gilteritinib-asp2215.html floral development. This is the first report of basal expression patterns assessed by RT-PCR, from the whole subfamily of CpTGA members in different tissues from papaya cv. Maradol mature plants. Overall, CpTGA1, CpTGA3 CpTGA6 and CpTGA4 showed a basal expression in all tissues tested; CpTGA2 expressed strongly in all tissues except in petioles while CpTGA5 expressed only in petals and to a lower extent in petioles. Although more detailed studies in anthers and other floral structures are required, we suggest that CpTGA5 might be tissue-specific, and it might be involved in papaya floral development. On the other hand, we report here for the first time, the expression of the whole family of CpTGA in response to salicylic acid (SA). The expression of CpTGA3, CpTGA4 and CpTGA6 increased in response to SA, what would suggest its involvement in the SAR response in papaya. (C)2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Dielectric properties of Au/Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3/La1.1Sr0.

No preferential oxygen loss from the film surface has been detected in on-line elastic recoil detection analysis. This suggests that change in the defect density created by SHI irradiation that may contribute to the metallic filaments play a major role as compared to the interfacial oxygen vacancies in resistance switching of NiO. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3093683]“
“Although fish intake has potential health benefits, the presence B-Raf assay of metal contamination in seafood has raised public health concerns. In this study, levels of mercury, cadmium, lead, tin and arsenic

have been determined in fresh, canned and frozen fish and shellfish products and compared with the maximum levels currently in force. In a further step, potential human health risks for the consumers were assessed. A total of 485 SP600125 in vitro samples of the 43 most frequently consumed fish and shellfish species in Andalusia (Southern Spain) were analyzed for their toxic elements content. High mercury concentrations were found in some predatory species (blue shark, cat shark, swordfish and tuna), although they were below the regulatory

maximum levels. In the case of cadmium, bivalve mollusks such as canned clams and mussels presented higher concentrations than fish, but almost none of the samples analyzed exceeded the maximum levels. Lead concentrations were almost negligible with the exception of frozen common sole, which showed median levels above the legal limit. Tin levels in canned products were far below the maximum regulatory limit, indicating that no significant tin was transferred from the can. Arsenic concentrations were higher in crustaceans such as fresh and frozen shrimps. The risk assessment performed indicated that fish and shellfish products were safe for the average consumer, although a potential risk cannot be dismissed for regular or excessive consumers of particular fish species, such as tuna, swordfish, blue shark

and cat shark (for mercury) and common sole (for lead). (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: The use of religious/spiritual coping strategies may be particularly prevalent when dealing with the stress of a cancer diagnosis. There has, however, been very little research conducted https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-690550.html on this topic outside the USA. Existing measures of coping largely ignore the complexity of religious/spiritual coping and its potential to be adaptive as well as maladaptive. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of various religious coping strategies in a UK cancer sample.

Method: A longitudinal design assessed religious coping strategies in patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer at the time of surgery and at 3 and 12 months post surgery. We recruited 202 patients of which, at 12 months, 160 remained. A non-religious coping measure was included for comparison.

In addition. both the solubility and yields of HMCpcA increase significantly We here provided an example to demonstrate that MBP could also Improve the stability of the protein it fused while it has been reported as a soluble fusion partner before. This novel fluorescent protein will facilitate selleck products the large-scale production and be potentially applicable for the development Of fluorescent probes, as well as antioxidant agents (C) 2009 Elsevier B V. All rights reserved”
“Background:

Sensitized patients prior to heart transplantation are reportedly at risk for hyperacute rejection and for poor outcome

after heart transplantation. It is not known whether the reduction of circulating antibodies pre-transplant alters post-transplant outcome.

Methods and Results:

Between July 1993 and July 2003, we reviewed 523 heart transplant patients of which 95 had pre-transplant panel reactive antibody (PRAs) > 10%; 21/95 were treated pre-transplant for circulating antibodies. These 21 patients had PRAs > 10% (majority 50-100%) and were treated with combination therapy including plasmapheresis, intravenous gamma globulin and rituximab to reduce antibody counts. The 74 untreated patients with PRAs > 10% (untreated sensitized group) and those patients with PRAs < 10% (control group) were used for comparison. Routine

post-transplant immunosuppression included triple-drug therapy. After desensitization therapy, circulating antibody levels pre-transplant

decreased from a mean of 70.5 selleck compound to 30.2%, which resulted in a negative prospective donor-specific crossmatch and successful heart transplantation. Compared to the untreated sensitized group and the control group, the treated sensitized group had similar five-yr survival (81.1% and 75.7% vs. 71.4%, respectively, p = 0.523) and freedom from cardiac allograft vasculopathy (74.3% and 72.7% vs. 76.2%, respectively, p = 0.850).

Conclusion:

Treatment of sensitized Bcl-2 抑制剂 patients pre-transplant appears to result in acceptable long-term outcome after heart transplantation.”
“Artificial chaperone consists of a detergent (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) for binding denatured protein and a stripper (beta-cyclodextrin) for the release of the denatured protein from the detergent-protein complex The authors have proposed artificial chaperone (AC)-assisted immobilized metal affinity chromatography (AC-IMAC) for protein refolding and purification, and have herein studied the effect of various operating conditions oil the refolding efficiency of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) from solubilized Inclusion bodies It was found that the addition of CTAB to denatured EGFP at a molar ratio of six was favorable for effective refolding. and the binding time of CTAB-EGFP mixture should be at 20-40 min.

Results: Most patients reporting secondary bowel problems (128/199; 64.3%) were female (89%; mean age 56 +/- 15.4 years). Primary voiding complaints were urgency/frequency (U/F) with or without urinary incontinence (n = 74), interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS; n = 43), and urinary retention (n = 11). Secondary bowel complaints included constipation and/or diarrhea (49%),

IBS (27%), and FI (23%). Urinary (ICSI-PI) scores improved after treatment (P < 0.0001 for IBS and constipation/diarrhea; P = 0.0021 for FI). Bowel diary data only indicated that mean FI episodes/day increased over time (P = 0.0100) in the FI group. Only the 12-month selleck inhibitor value (1.4 +/- 2.2; n = 8) was significantly different from baseline (0.3 +/- 0.5; n = 18). On the GRA, only the IBS group consistently reported bowel function improvement versus worsening at

each time point. Many reported no change. Conclusions: Studies have indicated that neuromodulation improves FI in carefully selected patients. The impact on other bowel conditions, including IBS, is unclear. Since voiding and bowel symptoms often coexist, it is crucial to fully evaluate all potential treatment benefits. Neurourol. Urodyn. 30: 133-137, 2011. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.”
“A complete cleft of the lip is often interrupted by a Simonarzt band. Very rarely, a similar fibrous soft tissue band can be seen interrupting the complete cleft of the alveolus. PF-477736 This alveolar band has not been previously described in the literature.”
“Objective: The interface of a computerized decision support system is crucial for its acceptance among end users. We demonstrate how combined bar line charts can be used to visualize predictions for individual patients from logistic regression models.

Study Design and Setting: Data from a previous diagnostic study aiming at predicting the immediate risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) among 634 patients

presenting to an emergency department with chest pain were used. Risk predictions from the logistic regression model were presented for four hypothetical patients in bar line charts with bars representing empirical Bayes adjusted likelihood ratios (LRs) and the line representing Tamatinib Fosdium the estimated probability of ACS, sequentially updated from left to right after assessment of each risk factor.

Results: Two patients had similar low risk for ACS but quite different risk profiles according to the bar line charts. Such differences in risk profiles could not be detected from the estimated ACS risk alone. The bar line charts also highlighted important but counteracted risk factors in cases where the overall LR was less informative (close to one).

Conclusion: The proposed graphical technique conveys additional information from the logistic model that can be important for correct diagnosis and classification of patients and appropriate medical management. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.