9 years (standard deviation [SD] = 12) had a median follow-up of 100 days (range 1-1007 days). In all cases, warm ischemia time BMS-777607 cell line was 0 minutes. Mean operative time was 143 minutes (SD = 59), and median estimated blood loss was 138mL (range 50-1500 mL). No intraoperative complications were encountered, and all surgical margins were negative. Our postoperative complication rate was 14.3%. At the most recent follow-up, the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 76.2mL/min/1.73m(2) (SD = 27.6), compared with 78.5mL/min/1.73m(2) (SD = 28.9) preoperatively (P = 0.11). Therefore, the mean eGFR decline of 2.3mL/min/1.73m(2) (SD = 9.1) was not significant.

Conclusions:

Off-clamp RAPN is associated with minimal morbidity and minimal decline in renal function on short-term follow-up. Further studies and continued monitoring of renal function are needed to determine if off-clamp RAPN provides any advantage in renal function preservation relative to the traditional RAPN with vascular clamping.”
“Emollients

are useful and important treatment adjuncts for patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Heparinoid mucopolysaccharide creams or lotions are emulsion ointments for moisturizing the skin. The objective of this study was to investigate the view among adult AD patients regarding the effectiveness of emollients. We developed a questionnaire at our University Hospital to characterize how patients with AD viewed the efficacy of emollients. Patients were asked to participate this website prior to treatment and the questionnaire was given selleckchem within 1 month of treatment. The severity of AD was graded as mild, moderate, severe or very severe. The severity scoring was performed

only when the participants answered the questionnaire. Of the 110 enrolled AD patients, 103 returned the completed questionnaires. Ninety-eight patients (95.1%) used heparinoid mucopolysaccharide creams or lotions. There was a strong correlation between their view of the efficacy of the emollient and the condition of dry skin, pruritus and eczematous skin. There was a significant correlation between AD severity and the perceived efficacy of the emollient for dry skin, pruritus and eczematous skin. There was a greater sense of efficacy among patients with milder AD than in more severe AD cases. Patients who felt sufficient efficacy of the emollient for pruritus were significantly older than those who felt there was no efficacy. In addition, the age of onset of AD was significantly higher among those who felt sufficient efficacy for pruritus compared to those who felt little efficacy. We speculate that the efficacy of emollients could be demonstrated in the treatment of milder AD, but may only have partial efficacy in more severe cases. Emollient therapy might have lower efficacy for pruritus among younger or earlier onset AD patients.

The dynamic evolution of antioxidant capacity at both temperatures reflected the transient changes in phytochemical composition of small fruits in storage. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The aim of this study was to identify the predictors of improved overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms after transvaginal mesh repair.

Eighty women with pelvic organ

prolapse (POP) stage II to IV reporting OAB symptoms were scheduled for transvaginal mesh procedures. Preoperative and postoperative assessments included a bladder diary, urodynamics, and a personal interview about urinary symptoms.

Sixty-three (78.8%) women experienced improvement of OAB symptoms (Improvement group), and find more 17 (21.2%) women remained unchanged or worsened (Persistence

group) postoperatively. A univariate analysis of patients’ characteristics showed no difference between two groups regarding parity, diabetes, hypertension, prolapse status, preoperative urodynamic parameters, and urinary symptoms (P > 0.05). However, the age (P = 0.042) and preoperative detrusor overactivity (DO) (P = 0.03) were two significant predictors of postoperative OAB improvement.

Women with POP may experience improvement of their OAB symptoms after transvaginal mesh repair. Both age and DO were two predictors in our univariate analysis, and the latter was the only significant predictor of symptom relief after adjusting age factor.”
“We report extremely preterm twins who developed late-onset Escherichia coli sepsis in the second postnatal week within a short

time of MK-8776 each other. The asymptomatic twin was not treated initially, and within 2 days developed life-threatening septicemia and meningitis, followed by other serious morbidity. Occurrence of late-onset sepsis in a twin should prompt concurrent investigation and consideration of presumptive treatment of the apparently asymptomatic co-twin.”
“The main objective of this work was to understand which compounds are responsible for the partial inhibition of xanthohumol (XN) thermal isomerization during wort boiling of dark malts. With such purpose, worts from different kinds of malt (pale, caramel and roasted) were chemically characterized ALK inhibitor (e.g. antioxidant activity, polyphenols and melanoidins contents) and studied by several chromatographic techniques. Molecular exclusion chromatography experiments showed that adsorption of XN to polyvinylpolypyrrolidone is lower for the high molecular weight fractions. It seems likely that this is due to the reaction between XN and coloured substances that changes chemical properties of XN or, at least, results in the formation of complexes that have different chemical properties. This leads to an inhibition of XN isomerization observed in this work.

This modest increase in ITN use was associated with a decrease in moderate U0126 molecular weight to severe anaemia (Hb <8 g/dl) from 18.4% (95% CI:14.9%-21.8%) in 2005 to 15.4% (13.2%-17.7%) in 2008, while parasitaemia, measured as positive-slide microscopy, decreased from 18.9% (95% CI:14.7%-23.2%) to 16.9% (95% CI:13.8%-20.0%), a relative reduction of 16% and 11%, respectively. In HF surveys, anaemia prevalence decreased from 18.3% (95% CI: 14.9%-21.7%) to 15.4% (95% CI: 12.7%-18.2%), while parasitaemia decreased from

30.6% (95% CI: 25.7%-35.5%) to 13.2% (95% CI: 10.6%-15.8%), a relative reduction of 15% and 57%, respectively.

Conclusion: Increasing access to effective malaria prevention was associated with a reduced burden of malaria in young Malawian children. Anaemia measured at the HF level at time of routine vaccination may be a good surrogate indicator for its measurement at the HH level in evaluating national malaria control programmes.”
“The relaxation processes of orientation and disorientation of melts of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyamide-6 (PA6) blends compatibilized with a compatibilizer precursor (CP) of HDPE-grafted maleic anhydride (HDPE-g-MAH) were investigated in a restricted channel using real-time ultrasonic GSK3326595 in vitro technique. The experimental results showed that the evolution of ultrasonic velocity of HDPE/PA6 blends during the orientation

or disorientation processes could be described by the exponential equation from which the maximum orientation degree and relaxation time could be obtained. Subsequently, the effects of CP on the relaxation processes of orientation and disorientation were Studied. In addition, the relations of the CP content and the morphology and viscosity were investigated by scanning electron microscope analysis and rheological tests. (C) 2009 Wiley

Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 116: 320-327, 2010″
“The aim was to assess the effects of a Tai Chi-based program on health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in people with elevated blood glucose or diabetes who were not on medication for glucose control.

41 participants PXD101 in vivo were randomly allocated to either a Tai Chi intervention group (N = 20) or a usual medical-care control group (N = 21). The Tai Chi group involved 3 x 1.5 h supervised and group-based training sessions per week for 12 weeks. Indicators of HR-QOL were assessed by self-report survey immediately prior to and after the intervention.

There were significant improvements in favor of the Tai Chi group for the SF36 subscales of physical functioning (mean difference = 5.46, 95 % CI = 1.35-9.57, P < 0.05), role physical (mean difference = 18.60, 95 % CI = 2.16-35.05, P < 0.05), bodily pain (mean difference = 9.88, 95 % CI = 2.06-17.69, P < 0.05) and vitality (mean difference = 9.96, 95 % CI = 0.77-19.15, P < 0.05).

(C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 1218-1226, 2012″
“Based on the dielectric continuum phonon model, uniaxial model and force balance equation, the influence of an InxGa1-xN nanogroove inserted in a strained wurtzite AlN/GaN/AlN quantum well on electron mobility is studied. The results show that selleck kinase inhibitor the optical phonon modes will be changed by the introduction of InGaN/GaN interfaces and the In component. It can be also found that the electron wave function will shift

to the InGaN layer as long as the conductor band energy at GaN/InGaN interface gets lower than that at the AlN/GaN interface. Electron mobility first increases and then decreases as x increases, whereas the mobility is always greater than the case without an InGaN nanogroove when electrons mainly distribute in the GaN layer. Once most of the electrons transfers to the InGaN nanogroove, electron mobility drops sharply and then increases with the increase of x. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3608053]“
“Abdominal wall closure in pediatric solid organ recipients may be confounded by donor size discrepancy and structural insults from previous surgery. Here we describe the novel use of vascularized donor abdominal wall posterior rectus sheath fascia, as a composite tissue allotransplant (CTA), to achieve abdominal

wall closure in a liver and double kidney pediatric recipient who could not be closed primarily due to donor/recipient size mismatch. The posterior rectus sheath fascia was procured LY2603618 Cell Cycle inhibitor in continuity with the liver and falciform ligament. Blood supply was achieved using the single hepatic artery anastomosis as part of the standard liver transplantation selleck compound procedure. Specimens of posterior rectus sheath fascia taken on postoperative days 3 and 30 showed no signs of acute rejection. The patient succumbed to an overwhelming fungal infection on day 51, with

no signs of intraabdominal involvement. The patient received no additional immunosuppression in conjunction with the posterior rectus sheath fascia allotransplant.”
“A new silicone containing macromonomer, 4-(methacrylamido) phenoxy polymethylhydrosiloxane (4-MPMHS) with a vinyl group, was successfully synthesized. Then poly (silicone-co-styrene-co-butylacrylate) with montmorillonite, P (Si-co-St-co-BA) with MMT nanocomposite emulsion was prepared by in situ intercalative emulsion polymerization of styrene (St), butyl acrylate (BA), and 4-MPMHS, in the presence of organic modified montmorillonite (OMMT) with different OMMT contents (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2 wt %). Potassium persulphate (KPS) was used as an initiator and sodium lauryl sulfoacetate (SLSA) and nonyl phenol ethylene oxide-40 U (NP-40) were used as anionic and nonionic emulsifiers, respectively. The resulting macromonomer was characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transformer infrared (FT-IR), proton (H-1 NMR), and carbon (C-13 NMR) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopes.

Results: Information was collected from 113 studies from original peer-reviewed publications or from relevant existing reviews. A limited amount of ecological field studies was identified. LY2090314 inhibitor The majority of the studies were conducted in a laboratory setting on birds (embryos or eggs), small rodents and plants. In 65% of the studies,

ecological effects of RF-EMF (50% of the animal studies and about 75% of the plant studies) were found both at high as well as at low dosages. No clear dose-effect relationship could be discerned. Studies finding an effect applied higher durations of exposure and focused more on the GSM frequency ranges.

Conclusions: In about two third of the reviewed studies

ecological effects of RF-EMF was reported at high as well as at low dosages. The very low dosages are compatible with real field situations, and could be found under environmental conditions. However, a lack of standardisation and a limited number of observations limit the possibility of generalising results from an organism to an ecosystem level. We propose in future studies to conduct more repetitions of observations and explicitly use the available standards for reporting RF-EMF relevant physical parameters in both laboratory and field studies. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Large-scale international monitoring studies are important to assess emission patterns and environmental distributions of organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) on a worldwide scale. In this study, the

presence of OHCs was investigated Vorinostat manufacturer on three continents buy LY3039478 (Europe, North America and Australasia), using eggs of starlings (Sturnus vulgaris and Sturnus unicolor) to assess their suitability for large-scale monitoring studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study using bird eggs of the same species as a biomonitor for OHCs on an intercontinental scale. We found significant differences in OHC concentrations of the eggs among sampling locations, except for hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs). Mean concentrations of sum polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in eggs ranged from 78 26 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in Australia to 2900 +/- 1300 ng/g lw in the United States. The PCB profile was dominated by CB 153 and CB 138 in all locations, except for New Zealand, where the contribution of CB 95, CB 101 and CB 149 was also high. The highest mean sum polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations were found in Canada (4400 +/- 830 ng/g lw), while the lowest mean PBDE concentrations were measured in Spain (3.7 +/- 0.1 ng/g lw). The PBDE profile in starling eggs was dominated by BDE 47 and BDE 99 in all countries, but in Belgium, the higher brominated PBDEs had a higher contribution compared to other countries.

The polyimides were prepared via a conventional two-step synthesis: preparation of poly(amic-acid), followed by solution imidization. The polyimides were characterized by FTIR, NMR, DSC, TGA, and TMA, and their solubility, intrinsic viscosity, and adhesive properties were also evaluated. The polyimides exhibited high T-g (342-362 degrees C), good thermal stability (>500 degrees C), excellent adhesive property (134-107 g/mm), and low CTE (28-17 ppm/degrees C). (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 3298-3308, 2012″
“Dynamic behaviors of gas/plasma mixture generated by microwave discharge jet at atmospheric

pressure have been investigated in terms of the effects of working gas dynamics on the discharge Selleck JNK inhibitor characteristics, focusing on the following four points: formation of discharge jet at the ignition phase, growing speed of plasma plume in relation to gas flow rate, acceleration and deceleration of upward movement of plasma plume, and decay process of plasma column at turn-off of microwave power. Four stages are identified at the discharge ignition. The acceleration coming from buoyancy effect and the deceleration due to gas flow DMXAA cell line turbulence have been found. The decay speed of plasma column at a power shut-off is found to be influenced by the gas flow turbulence and the recombination

rate. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3622302]“
“Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the phenylalanine catabolic enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). The use of phenylalanine ammonia-lase (PAL) by oral and parenteral

routes as a therapeutic drug for PKU has been severely limited due to inactivation by intestinal proteolysis and immune reactions. PEGylation was applied to PAL to reduce the degrees of antigenicity and proteolytic inactivation. Kinetic experiments with native PAL and pegylated PALs were performed, and pH stability, temperature SNX-5422 research buy stability, and protease susceptibility were evaluated. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was carried out to measure the immune complex between pegylated PALs and antiserum that had been extracted from a PAL-immunized mouse. Pegylated PAL, especially branched pegylated PAL (10 kDa, 1:32), was more active for phenylalanine and more stable in pancreatic proteases than native PAL. Native PAL was optimal at pH 8.5, corresponding to the average pH range of the small intestine; the same finding was noted for pegylated PALs. All linear and branched pegylated PALs had low reactivity with mouse antiserum, especially the 1:16 formulation with linear 5-kDa PEG and the 1:32 formulation with branched 10-kDa PEG. Therefore, we suggest the 1:32 formulation with branched 10-kDa PEG as the most promising formulation for enzyme replacement therapy.

The combination of the stereotyped semiology of the attacks, the pseudofocal myoclonic jerking,

and the rhythmic generalized slow wave EEG abnormalities with the tachycardia make differential diagnosis from epilepsy challenging. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“Syntheses of thirty 2,4,6-trichlorophenylhydrazine Schiff bases 1-30 were carried out and evaluated for their in vitro DPPH radical and super oxide anion scavenging activities. Compounds 1-30 have shown a varying degree of DPPH radical scavenging activity and 3-Methyladenine mw their IC50 values range between 4.05-369.30 mu M. The compounds 17, 28, 18, 14, 8, 15, 12, 2, 29, and 7 exhibited IC50 values ranging between 4.05 +/- 0.06-24.42 +/- 0.86 mu M which are superior to standard n-propylgallate (IC50 = 30.12 +/- 0.27 mu M). Selected compounds have shown a varying degree of superoxide anion radical scavenger activity and their IC50 values range between 91.23-406.90 mu M. The compounds 28, 8, 17, 15, and 14, showed IC50 values between 91.23 +/- 1.2-105.31 +/- 2.29 mu

Momelotinib M which are superior to standard n-propylgallate (IC50 = 106.34 +/- 1.6 mu M).”
“Background: Malaria remains a global public health challenge. It is widely believed that an effective vaccine against malaria will need to incorporate multiple antigens from the various stages of the parasite’s complex life cycle. Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein 4 (MSP4) is a vaccine candidate that has been selected for development for inclusion in an asexual stage subunit vaccine against malaria.

Methods: Nine monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were produced against Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant AG-014699 MSP4 protein

and characterized. These Mabs were used to develop an MSP4-specific competition ELISA to test the binding specificity of antibodies present in sera from naturally P. falciparum-infected individuals from a malaria endemic region of Vietnam. The Mabs were also tested for their capacity to induce P. falciparum growth inhibition in vitro and compared against polyclonal rabbit serum raised against recombinant MSP4

Results: All Mabs reacted with native parasite protein and collectively recognized at least six epitopes. Four of these Mabs recognize reduction-sensitive epitopes within the epidermal growth factor-like domain found near the C-terminus of MSP4. These sera were shown to contain antibodies capable of inhibiting the binding of the six Mabs indicating infection-acquired responses to the six different epitopes of MSP4. All of the six epitopes were readily recognized by human immune sera. Competition ELISA titres varied from 20 to 640, reflecting heterogeneity in the intensity of the humoral response against the protein among different individuals. The IgG responses during acute and convalescent phases of infection were higher to epitopes in the central region than to other parts of MSP4.

The crosslinking ratio of PCM exponentially increased as time increased, while linearly increased as concentration and diffusion coefficient of crosslinking agent STPP solution increased. And the effect of crosslinking selleck inhibitor agent concentration on crosslinking ratio was inversely proportional to surface-crosslinking time. The experimental results matched well with the kinetic model when STPP concentration

was lower than 5 wt %. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120: 1017-1026, 2011″
“This study investigated the development and characteristics of rapidly formed hydrogen-producing granules (HPGs) in an acidic anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (AnSBR). When subjecting the AnSBR suspended sludge to heat-shock (80 degrees C for 20 min) and acidic pretreatment (pH 2.0 for 24 h) subsequently, granules were formed within the first 10 days of the AnSBR operation at pH 5.5. After subsequent second time heat-shock of the granules on day 35, hydrogen yield increased significantly to 1.36 mol-H(2)/mol-glucose

Galardin with a headspace content of 65 +/- 7% and was stable during the next 60 days running of the AnSBR. A typical mature HPG showed 1.7 +/- 0.2 mm in diameter and had an average settling velocity of 43 m/h. The granules were comprised of uniform rod shaped bacteria with a non-layered structure and multiple cracks on the surface. Three pure cultures, Clostridium sp. HP2. HP4 and HP7, were obtained from the enriched HPGs. Among the three isolates, strain HP4 showed

the highest hydrogen yield of 1.41 (mol-H(2)/mol-glucose) at a rate of 0.85 L-H(2)/L/day (34.5 mmol-H(2)/L/day). This study suggests that acid pretreatment, combining with the short settling time (30 min) and large exchange ratio (60%) of effluent, is applicable for rapid formation of HPGs in the AnSBR, which provides a promising approach for biological hydrogen production from the organic wastewater. ATM Kinase Inhibitor clinical trial (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Reconstructed embryos derived from intersubspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) have poorer developmental potential than those from intrasubspecies SCNT. Based on our previous study that Holstein dairy bovine (HD) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype compatibility between donor karyoplast and recipient cytoplast is crucial for SCNT embryo development, we performed intersubspecies SCNT using HD as donor karyoplast and Luxi yellow heifer (LY) as recipient cytoplast according to mtDNA haplotypes determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis.

Phenolphthalein and spectrophotometry were used to determine the content of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) in products. By changing environmental conditions and types of adsorbents, the adsorption capacities of polymers on basic fuchsine were studied. The results indicate that the absorption capacity was decreased accordingly when the pH value was reduced. The increase of temperature had no obvious influence on improving the absorption capacity from 40 to 60 degrees C. When the mass ratio of chloropropyl hydroxyl GG to beta-CDMs to sodium carbonate was 0.6 : 0.8 : 1.0, with the reaction time of 2 h, the best

adsorption capacity of 24 mg/g was achieved; this was in accordance with the results of the measurement of the content of beta-CD in the products. The higher content of beta-CDM LXH254 mouse was beneficial for improving the absorption capacity. By comparing its properties with the absorption capacity of traditional flocculating agents polyacrylamide and polaluminum chloride, the best absorption results for GG bonded with beta-CDMs were obtained. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 2250-2256, 2012″
“Introduction and objectives: We report our experience in the surgical correction of anomalous origin of left coronary

artery from pulmonary artery (ALCAPA), with an emphasis on the coronary reimplantation technique and its outcome.

Methods: We designed a retrospective, longitudinal, descriptive study that included patients with ALCAPA who underwent surgery involving coronary reimplantation over a Selleckchem Omipalisib 19-year period. We describe perioperative details such as variations in the surgical technique and the postoperative outcome in terms of morbidity and mortality.

Results: We studied 15 patients (86% females) with a mean age of 6.2 years (range, 2 months to 24 years). Heart failure was the principal cause for hospitalization in 80% of our patients. Left ventricular

dysfunction was present in 67%, and 27% had significant or severe mitral valve regurgitation. We describe 3 surgical techniques for coronary reimplantation, the choice of which depends on the site of origin of the anomalous left coronary artery. Four patients underwent an additional mitral valve procedure. The see more most common immediate postoperative complications were low cardiac output (38%), pleural effusion (17%), and transient ischemia (13%). There was no operative or medium-term mortality.

Conclusions: Coronary reimplantation is the technique of choice for surgical correction of ALCAPA due to the excellent postoperative survival and low operative morbidity. (C) 2011 Sociedad Espanola de Cardiologia. Published by Elsevier Espana, S. L. All rights reserved.”
“Previous studies have reported decision-making deficits in patients affected by mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).

Patient safety climate was measured with the 9-item Safety Organizing Scale (SOS) which captured registered nurses’ engagement in safety behaviours and practices at the unit level.

RESULTS: A total of 35 Swiss hospitals participated in the study. Of the 120 eligible units included in

the analysis, only on 33 units (27.5%) did at least 60% of the nurses report a positive patient safety climate. A majority of nurses (51.2-63.4%, selleck chemicals n = 1,564) reported that they were “”consistently engaged”" in only three of the nine measured patient safety behaviours. Our multilevel regression analyses revealed both significant between-unit and between-hospital variability. From our three variables of interest (hospital type, unit type and language regions) only language regions was consistently related to nurse-reported patient safety climate. Nurses in the German-speaking region reported a more positive patient safety climate than nurses in the French-and Italian-speaking TPX-0005 language regions.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest a need to improve the patient safety climate on many units in Swiss hospitals. Leaders in hospitals should strengthen the patient safety climate at unit level by implementing methods, such as root cause analysis or patient safety

leadership walk rounds, to improve individual and team skills and redesign work processes. The impact of these efforts should be measured by periodically assessing the patient safety climate

with the SOS.”
“During the last years, femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy (fsTRS) has HSP inhibitor become an important new tool to investigate low energy excitations in strongly correlated systems. By studying energy relaxation pathways linking various degrees of freedom (e.g., electrons, spin, or lattice), the interaction strengths between different subsystems can be deduced. Here we report on yet another application of fsTRS, where the technique is used to unambiguously determine the nature of the ground state in granular thin films of a prototype charge density wave system blue bronze, K0.3MoO3. These, potassium blue bronze, films, obtained for the first time ever, have been prepared by pulsed laser deposition and investigated by various standard characterization methods. While the results of all used methods indicate that the thin films consist of nanometer grains of K0.3MoO3, it is only the non-destructive fsTRS that demonstrates the charge density wave nature of the ground state. Furthermore, the comparison of the fsTRS data obtained in thin films and in single crystals shows the reduction of the charge density wave transition temperature and of the photoinduced signal strength in granular thin films in respect to single crystals, which is attributed to the granularity and crystal growth morphology. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.