In human mast cells, C5a promoted the production of the neutrophil chemotaxin interleukin-8, and recruitment of neutrophils at 24 hours after serum administration was impaired in C5aR(-/-) mice, suggesting that enhanced neutrophil chemoattractant production underlies the requirement for C5aR on mast cells in arthritis.\n\nConclusion. Stimulation

via C5aR is required to unleash the proinflammatory activity of synovial mast cells in immune complex arthritis, albeit via a mechanism that is distinct from C5a-modulated expression of Fc gamma R.”
“The fermentation process of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2KGA) from L-sorbose was developed using a two-stage continuous fermentation system. The mixed culture of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare DSM 4025 and Bacillus megaterium DSM 4026 produced 90 g/L of 2KGA from 120 g/L of L-sorbose at the dilution rate of 0.01 SNX-5422 order h(-1) in a single-stage continuous fermentation process. But after the production period was beyond 150 h, the significant decrease of 2KGA productivity was observed. When the non-spore forming bacteria Xanthomonas maltophilia IFO 12692

was used instead of B. megaterium DSM 4026 as a partner strain for K. vulgare DSM 4025, the 2KGA productivity was significantly improved in a two-stage continuous culture mode, in which two fermentors of the same size and volume were connected in series. In this mode, with two sets of 3-L jar fermentors, the steady state could be continued to over 1,331.5 h A-1210477 supplier at least, when the dilution rates were 0.0382 h(-1) and 0.0380 hour(-1), respectively, for the first and second fermentors. The overall productivity was calculated to be 2.15

g/L/h at 113.1 g/L and a molar conversion yield of 90.1%. In the up-scaling fermentation to 30-L jar fermentors, 118.5 g/L of 2KGA was produced when dilution rates in both stages were 0.0430 hour(-1), and the overall productivity was calculated to be 2.55 g/L/h.”
“Evidence has emerged that the clinical benefit of tamoxifen is related to the functional status of the hepatic metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). CYP2D6 is the key enzyme responsible for the generation BI 6727 datasheet of the potent tamoxifen metabolite, endoxifen. Multiple studies have examined the relationship of CYP2D6 status to breast cancer outcomes in tamoxifen-treated women; the majority of studies demonstrated that women with impaired CYP2D6 metabolism have lower endoxifen concentrations and a greater risk of breast cancer recurrence. As a result, practitioners must be aware that some of the most commonly prescribed medications co-administered with tamoxifen interfere with CYP2D6 function, thereby reducing endoxifen concentrations and potentially increasing the risk of breast cancer recurrence.

Taken together, these results demonstrate that miR-148b increased the radiosensitivity of NHL cells probably by promoting radiation-induced apoptosis, which suggests that miR-148b

plays an important role in the response of NHL to ionizing radiation.”
“Epidemiological studies report higher prevalence rates of stress-related disorders such as acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women than in men following exposure to trauma. It is still not clear whether this greater prevalence in woman reflects a greater vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology. A number of individual and trauma-related characteristics have been hypothesized to contribute to these gender differences in physiological and psychological responses to trauma, differences in appraisal, interpretation click here or experience of threat, coping style or social support. In this context, the use of an animal model for PTSD to analyze some of these gender-related differences may be of particular utility. Animal models of PTSD offer the opportunity to distinguish between biological and socio-cultural factors, which so often enter the discussion about gender selleck chemical differences in PTSD prevalence.\n\nIn this review, we present and discuss sex-differences in behavioral, neurochemical, neurobiological and pharmacological findings that we have collected

from several different animal studies related to both basal conditions and stress responses. These models have used different paradigms and have elicited a range of behavioral and physiological JQ-EZ-05 ic50 manifestations associated

with gender. The overall data presented demonstrate that male animals are significantly more vulnerable to acute and chronic stress, whereas females are far more resilient. The stark contradiction between these findings and contemporary epidemiological data regarding human subjects is worthy of further study. The examination of these gender-related differences can deepen our understanding of the risk or the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders.”
“The emergence of vertebrates is closely associated to the evolution of mineralized bone tissue. However, the molecular basis underlying the origin and subsequent diversification of the skeletal mineralized matrix is still poorly understood. One efficient way to tackle this issue is to compare the expression, between vertebrate species, of osteoblastic genes coding for bone matrix proteins. In this work, we have focused on the evolution of the network forming collagen family which contains the Col8a1, Col8a2, and Col10a1 genes. Both phylogeny and synteny reveal that these three paralogues are vertebrate-specific and derive from two independent duplications in the vertebrate lineage. To shed light on the evolution of this family, we have analyzed the osteoblastic expression of the network forming collagens in endochondral and intramembraneous skeletal elements of the amphibian Xenopus tropicalis.

Moreover, the manifestations of the disease should be considered seriously regardless of attributing them to drug use.”
“Background Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinical concept that categorizes subjects

who are in an intermediate cognitive state between normal aging and dementia. The aim of this study is to characterize behavior in MCI compared with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and healthy older patients. Design A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a prospective, longitudinal study on behavioral symptoms of dementia and MCI was performed. The study population consisted of 270 MCI, 402 AD patients, NVP-HSP990 and 108 healthy controls. Behavioral assessment was performed by means of Middelheim Frontality Score, Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease Rating Scale, Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory, and Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Results Moderate-to-severe behavioral symptoms were present in 13% of MCI patients, as compared with 39% in AD patients and 3% Selleck JNJ-26481585 in controls (p<0.001). The general severity of behavioral symptoms was intermediate between controls and AD patients. The three most frequent

symptoms in MCI patients were aggressiveness (49%), affective disturbance (45%), and anxiety (38%); in AD patients, the most frequent symptoms were aggressiveness (60%), activity disturbances (54%), and psychosis (40%). The prevalence and severity of frontal lobe symptoms, aggressiveness, activity disturbances, and delusions was intermediate between normal aging and AD. In addition, the severity of physically non-aggressive and verbally CP-456773 datasheet agitated behavior and the severity of depressive symptoms were also intermediate. Conclusions The behavioral profile of MCI patients is characterized as an intermediate state between normal aging and AD for the prevalence and severity of certain behavioral symptoms. Follow-up is ongoing to test the hypothesis that behavioral disturbances in MCI predict progression to dementia. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Microcystis

aeruginosa and Microcystis wesenbergii are two cyanobacteria commonly found in eutrophic shallow lakes. Previous studies reported that microcystin-producing M. aeruginosa could have an increased competitive potential on other algae and aquatic plants, and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) was regarded as an allelochemical. Based on this hypothesis, the allelopathic interaction between these two cyanobacteria was studied for the first time under laboratory conditions, and potential allelochemicals were screened. Cyanobacteria biomass and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) concentration were monitored under different culture conditions. The potential allelochemicals from M. aeruginosa were investigated by extract fractionation and GC(LC)/MS analysis. The growth of M. wesenbergii was inhibited by the addition of cell-free filtrates of M. aeruginosa whereas M. aeruginosa was promoted by the addition of cell-free filtrates of M. wesenbergii. The higher polarity the extract of M.

001 versues baseline). Improving lower limb hemodynamics is vital in preventing DVT. NMES resulted in larger ejected volumes compared to

see more IPC (x3 greater than foot-IPC and x1.7 greater than calf-IPC) more effectively emptying the veins and soleal sinuses. This is an important finding as DVT occurs predominantly in the soleal sinuses. NMES is silent and portable and thus does not suffer many of the issues associated with IPC. This work supports the potential widespread application of NMES in hospital and home settings where the risk of DVT formation is high.”
“Motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has a familial cause in 10 of patients. Despite significant advances in the genetics of the disease, many families remain unexplained. We performed whole-genome sequencing in five family members from a pedigree with autosomal-dominant classical ALS. A family-based elimination approach was used to

identify novel coding variants segregating with the disease. This list of variants was effectively shortened by genotyping these variants in 2 additional unaffected family members and 1500 unrelated population-specific controls. A novel rare coding variant in SPAG8 on chromosome 9p13.3 segregated with the disease and was not observed in controls. Mutations in SPAG8 were not encountered in 34 other unexplained ALS pedigrees, including 1 with linkage to chromosome 9p13.223.3. The shared haplotype containing the SPAG8 variant Elacridar Transmembrane Transporters inhibitor in this small pedigree was 22.7 Mb and overlapped with the core 9p21 linkage locus for ALS and frontotemporal dementia. Based on differences in coverage depth of known variable tandem repeat regions between affected and non-affected family members, the shared haplotype was found to contain an expanded hexanucleotide (GGGGCC)(n) repeat in C9orf72 in the affected members. Our results demonstrate that rare coding variants identified by whole-genome sequencing can tag a shared haplotype containing a non-coding pathogenic mutation and that changes in coverage depth can be used to reveal tandem repeat expansions. It also confirms (GGGGCC)n repeat expansions

in C9orf72 as a cause of familial ALS.”
“The questions of the title have been considered in several ways. First, indications FK506 PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor of the traits which make us humans were considered. Then the behavior and culture concepts were examined, and the biology and culture interactions discussed, with an emphasis on the similarities and differences between the genetic and cultural transmissions. Next diverse types of selective pressures were reviewed, and finally pessimistic and optimistic views of our future contrasted. Vigorous action against acts which lead to exclusion and discriminatory policies against human subjects is needed.”
“Active avoidance (AA) is an important paradigm for studying mechanisms of aversive instrumental learning, pathological anxiety, and active coping.

\n\nAims: To compare the efficacy and safety of sublingual versus vaginal misoprostol for mid-trimester pregnancy termination.\n\nMethods: We conducted a meta-analysis of published randomised controlled trials that compared sublingual and vaginal routes. Primary outcome measures were complete abortion rate at 24 and 48 h and induction-abortion interval, and the secondary outcome measures were side effects and patients’ preference for the route. Pooled risk ratios were calculated for categorical variables, and continuous variables were compared by means of weighted

mean differences.\n\nResults: Both routes’ efficacy was similar following 24 h of treatment (pooled RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.93-1.7). Successful induction percentage after 24 h was significantly higher in nulliparous women with vaginal misoprostol (pooled RR 0.78; 95% CI 0.71-0.87). The efficacy after 48 h was significantly greater with vaginal misoprostol in the general population Elafibranor datasheet (pooled RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.93-0.99) and in nulliparous women (pooled RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.86-0.95). The sublingual route shortened

the induction-fetal expulsion PLX4032 purchase interval (WMD -4.54, 95% CI -8.03 to -1.05) and was the route preferred among women. No statistically significant differences between treatment groups were observed for placental retention or for any side effect except for fever, which was more common in the vaginal group.\n\nConclusions: Sublingual and vaginal misoprostol are safe and effective for mid-trimester pregnancy termination. The differences obtained between both

routes probably do not have clinical consequences.”
“The diversity of Cryptosporidium at species, subtype family and subtype level in diarrhoeic children was investigated in four provinces in South Africa. A total of 442 stool samples from children <5years of age were collected under a large rotavirus surveillance programme and analysed by ZiehlNeelsen acid-fast staining. Fifty-four (12.2%) were positive for Cryptosporidium, of which 25 were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequence Nutlin-3 solubility dmso analyses of the 18S rRNA gene. The majority of genotyped specimens were identified as C.hominis (76%), and a high genetic diversity was found with five different C.hominis subtype families (Ia, Ib, Id, Ie and If). Cryptosporidium parvum was found in 20% of the isolates, and three subtype families were identified (IIc, IIe and IIb), with subtype family IIc being the most common. One specimen was identified as C.meleagridis of the subtype family IIId. These results are in accordance with findings from other developing countries and report for the first time the presence in South Africa of C.meleagridis, various subtypes of C.parvum and the subtype family Ie of C.hominis. The results suggest that C.hominis and anthroponotic C.parvum subtypes are the major cause of cryptosporidiosis in South Africa.

The repellency of picaridin relative to deet differed at some combinations of solvent and drying time but not others. In dose-response tests using different paper substrates and a drying time of 10 min, both ethanol and acetone

solutions of deet differed in repellency, depending on both the paper substrate and the solvent. However, there were no differences in repellency between ethanol and acetone solutions of deet applied to nylon organdy in an in vitro and in an in vivo (fingertip) bioassay. When deet in solution with various proportions of ethanol: water was applied at 2,000 nmol deet/cm(2) filter paper, the proportion of ticks repelled decreased GSK461364 supplier as the proportion of water in the test solutions increased. Somewhat similar results were seen for solutions of deet in an acetone solvent. Water absorbed from the atmosphere may affect the efficacy of repellents in solution with anhydrous ethanol. Overall,

results obtained from bioassays that differ in seemingly minor BMS-754807 purchase ways can be surprisingly different, diminishing the value of comparing studies that used similar, but not identical, methods. Nylon organdy or another similar thin cloth may be preferable to filter papers and copier paper for minimizing solvent-related differences. When a paper substrate is used, acetone may be the more suitable solvent if the solubility of the test compound and other factors allow.”
“3Background: This study analyzes levels of progesterone, estradiol, norethindrone (NET) and ethinyl estradiol (EE) in serum and levels of NET in cervical mucus on the last day of the hormone-free interval (HFI) in users of 24/4 [norethindrone acetate (NETA)/EE-24] vs. 21/7 (NETA/EE-21) regimens.\n\nStudy

Design: This was a randomized controlled, crossover, equivalency trial. Subjects were randomized to receive NETA/EE-24 or NETA/EE-21 for 2 months and then switched between study AS1842856 mouse drugs. Blood and cervical mucus samples were obtained on Days 12-16 and on the last day of the RIFT.\n\nResults: From April 2010 to November 2011, 32 subjects were enrolled with 18 subjects completing all study visits. There were no statistically significant differences in either day 12-16 (p=.54) or last hormone-free day (1)=.33) cervical mucus NET concentrations between the regimens. On the last day of the HFI, median serum progesterone levels did not differ significantly; however, users of NETA/EE-24 had higher levels of serum NET (p<.001) and users of NETA/EE-21 had higher levels of serum estradiol (p=.01)\n\nConclusion: This data supports the fact that inhibition of the pituitary-ovarian axis occurs during oral contraceptive use and during the HFI. We demonstrated that a reduced RIFT of 4 days resulted in better suppression of the ovarian hormone production, thereby reducing the risk of ovulation and potential contraceptive failure. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

rubescens, P. suspensa and P. agardhii, the latter being a species not found in our survey. Recombination signals were in form of (i) a vast mosaic structure present

in the alignment of rpoC1 haplotypes, (ii) multiple and statistically significant paths in the split decomposition network see more connecting these haplotypes and (iii) many individual crossing-over events detected by means of recombination detection tests. Data suggest that the molecular evolution of the rpoC1 gene in the genus Planktothrix appears as strongly influenced by homologous recombination. In addition, rpoC1 diversity effectively tracks recombinational processes among species in the complex made up by P. rubescens, P. agardhii and P. suspensa, which are not isolated in terms of gene-flow.”
“Background: The early life course is assumed to be a critical phase for childhood obesity; however the significance of single factors and their interplay is not well studied in childhood populations. Objectives: The investigation of pre-, peri- and postpartum risk

factors on the risk of obesity at age 2 to selleck screening library 9. Methods: A case-control study with 1,024 1: 1-matched case-control pairs was nested in the baseline survey (09/2007-05/2008) of the IDEFICS study, a population-based intervention study on childhood obesity carried out in 8 European countries in pre- and primary school settings. Conditional logistic regression was used for identification of risk factors. Results: For many of the investigated risk factors, we found a raw effect in our study. In multivariate models, we could establish an effect for gestational weight gain (adjusted OR = 1.02; 95% CI 1.00-1.04), smoking during pregnancy (adjusted OR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.08-2.01), Caesarian

section (adjusted OR = 1.38; 95% CI 1.10-1.74), and breastfeeding 4 to 11 months (adjusted OR = 0.77; 95% CI 0.62-0.96). Birth weight was related to lean mass rather than to fat mass, the effect of smoking was found only in boys, but not in girls. After additional adjustment for parental BMI and parental educational status, only gestational weight gain remained statistically significant. Both, maternal as well as paternal BMI were the strongest risk factors GF120918 manufacturer in our study, and they confounded several of the investigated associations. Conclusions: Key risk factors of childhood obesity in our study are parental BMI and gestational weight gain; consequently prevention approaches should target not only children but also adults. The monitoring of gestational weight seems to be of particular importance for early prevention of childhood obesity.”
“Objective: We explored how a novel T1-weighted 3-dimensional (3D) fast spin echo (FSE) sequence (Cube; GE, Waukesha, Wis) might outperform conventional 2-dimensional (2D) FSE techniques for contrast-enhanced imaging of the pituitary and parasellar region.

Despite maintained carcinogen exposure, tumors from smokers showed a relative decrease in

smoking-related mutations over time, accompanied by an increase in APOBEC-associated mutations. In tumors from former smokers, Z-IETD-FMK price genome-doubling occurred within a smoking-signature context before subclonal diversification, which suggested that a long period of tumor latency had preceded clinical detection. The regionally separated driver mutations, coupled with the relentless and heterogeneous nature of the genome instability processes, are likely to confound treatment success in NSCLC.”
“IMPORTANCE Most out-of-hospital cardiac arrests receiving emergency medical services in the United States are treated by ambulance service providers trained in advanced life support (ALS), but supporting evidence for the use of ALS over basic life support (BLS) is limited. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of BLS and ALS on outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Observational cohort study of a nationally representative sample of traditional Medicare beneficiaries from nonrural counties who experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest between January 1, 2009, and October 2, 2011, and for whom ALS Wnt beta-catenin pathway or BLS ambulance services were billed to Medicare (31 292 ALS cases and 1643 BLS cases). Propensity score

methods were used to compare the effects of ALS and BLS on patient survival, neurological performance, and medical spending after cardiac arrest. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Survival to hospital discharge, to 30 days, and to 90 days; neurological performance; and incremental medical spending per additional survivor to 1 year. RESULTS Survival to hospital discharge was greater among patients receiving BLS (13.1% vs 9.2% for ALS; 4.0 [95% CI, 2.3-5.7] percentage

point difference), as was survival to 90 days (8.0% vs 5.4% for ALS; 2.6 [95% CI, 1.2-4.0] percentage point difference). Basic life support was associated with better neurological functioning among hospitalized patients (21.8% vs 44.8% with poor neurological functioning for ALS; 23.0 [95% CI, 18.6-27.4] percentage point difference). Incremental medical spending per additional survivor to 1 year Ulixertinib research buy for BLS relative to ALS was $ 154 333. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who received BLS had higher survival at hospital discharge and at 90 days compared with those who received ALS and were less likely to experience poor neurological functioning.”
“It has long been speculated that cellular microdomains are important for many cellular processes, especially those involving Ca2+ signalling. Measurements of cytosolic Ca2+ report maximum concentrations of less than few micromolar, yet several cytosolic enzymes require concentrations of more than 20 mu M Ca2+ to be activated.

We also probed SmgGDS function in three prostate carcinoma cell lines using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that SmgGDS levels were elevated in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), prostate carcinoma, and metastatic prostate carcinoma. In addition, expression of SmgGDS positively correlated with that of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a protein believed to promote the development of prostate

carcinoma. Reduction of SmgGDS expression in prostate carcinoma cells inhibited proliferation and migration, irrespective of androgen receptor status. These effects were accompanied by a reduction in COX-2 expression and in activity BKM120 of NF-kappa B, a known regulator of COX-2. Taken together, these findings suggest Selleckchem Rapamycin that SmgGDS promotes the development and progression of prostate cancer, possibly associated with NF-kappa beta-dependent up-regulation

of COX-2. Copyright (C) 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Aims. To develop a method for in vitro testing to compare different intracorporeal anchoring systems (AS) used, for example, in single-incision slings or vaginal meshes. Intracorporeal fixation needs reliable anchorage systems, which keep the implant in the operative and early postoperative phase in place. Up to now, the impact of the design of current anchor systems and their capability to provide sufficient retention forces is not known. Methods. Four AS (“PelFix”, “Surelift”, “TFS”, and “MiniArc”) were evaluated in an animal

model and a ballistic gelatine model with pull-out tests. We performed ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni. Results were presented as mean values whereby a significance level of <0.05 was considered Caspase-independent apoptosis significant. Results. The four systems showed significantly different pull-out forces. Depending on mesh structure, size, and form of the AS, mechanical strain resulted in deformation with local peak stresses. Under the condition of form stability, relative differences of pull-out forces did not change in different tissues. Conclusions. Reliable testing of different AS in their ability to keep mesh implants in place can be done in animal models and in especially designed ballistic gelatine. These methods of testing will help to modify AS in novel pelvic floor implants.”
“Background: The aim of this paper is to report the incidence of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) tears in patients treated with ranibizumab for subfoveal fibrovascular retinal pigment epithelial detachment (FVPED) due to occult age-related macular degeneration (AMD).\n\nMaterial/Methods: Thirty patients were treated according to the following schedule: saturation phase, further treatment was based on activity of the degeneration process.

Radioanatomic measurements demonstrated an increase in the radius

of surgical access to the ipsilateral skull base using the EAM when compared with both standard transnasal techniques (33.1 degrees vs. 14.8 degrees; P<.0001) and extended approaches removing the nasolacrimal duct (33.1 degrees vs. 23.5 degrees; P<.001). Similar findings were noted for lateral access to the contralateral skull base.\n\nConclusions: Endoscopic anterior maxillotomy is a novel technical addition to the skull base surgeon’s armamentarium. Radioanatomic analysis demonstrates a significant improvement in access to the anterolateral skull base.”
“This case study describes a 37-year-old male who suffered a bilateral transverse acetabulum fracture with a fracture of the posterior wall and a double-sided dorsal hip dislocation in

combination Nepicastat concentration with a left-sided femoral head fracture (Pipkin IV) while skiing in a “fun park”. The accurate diagnosis and presurgical planning was made by means of a computed tomography (CT) scan and a subsequent 3D reconstruction. After a primarily executed shielded repositioning of the bilateral this website hip dislocationearly secondary and anatomical reconstruction of the double-sided acetabulum fracture was possible using the Kocher-Langenbeck approach. A consistent physiotherapy as well as rehabilitation finally led to a positive clinical result for the patient.”
“Purpose. To assess rehabilitation, type of follow-up visits and outcome after bipolar hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fracture.\n\nMethod. Two hundred thirty-six consecutive patients with femoral neck fractures treated with hemiarthroplasty were followed for 30 months.\n\nResults. One hundred sixty-eight (71%) were women, 175 (74%) over 80 years old and 53 (22%) were demented. Of 150 patients with available 3-month data, 7 patients (5%) had not regained their walking ability. Seventy (47%) were pain-free and 112 (75%)

were back in their original habitat. A hip-related complication leading to a contact with the orthopaedic department occurred in 20 of all patients (8%), and 7 (3%) of these underwent a revision surgery. One hundred eighty-seven patients (79%) received occupational therapy (OT). Demented selleck chemical patients received OT more seldom (p < 0.001), as did patients aged 90 and older (p = 0.049).\n\nConclusion. Due to the low rate of orthopaedic complications, these patients are now referred to their general practitioners, without any further follow-up at the orthopaedic department. Rehabilitation efforts are unevenly distributed. The need of increased rehabilitation efforts for demented or ‘old old’ patients is discussed.”
“Preoperative anemia and low hematocrit during cardiopulmonary bypass have been associated with worse outcome in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The minimized extracorporeal circulation (MECC) allows a reduction of the negative effects associated with conventional extracorporeal circulation (CECC).