Mobility after stroke: reliability of measures of impairment and disability. Int Disabil Stud. 1990;12(1):6–9.PubMedCrossRef INK 128 concentration 26. Bohannon RW, Andrews AW, Thomas MW. Walking speed: reference values and correlates for older adults. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1996;24(2):86–90.PubMedCrossRef 27. Rabadi MH, Blau A. Admission ambulation velocity predicts length of stay and discharge disposition following stroke in an acute rehabilitation hospital. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2005;19:20–6.PubMedCrossRef 28. Lord SR, Menz HB. Physiologic, psychologic, and health predictors of 6-minute walk performance in older people. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(7):907–11.PubMedCrossRef 29. Bohannon RW, Smith

MB. Inter rater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther. 1987;67(2):206–7.PubMed 30. Haas BM, Bergström E, Jamous A, Bennie A. The inter rater reliability of the original and of the modified Ashworth scale for the assessment of spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1996;34(9):560–4.PubMedCrossRef 31. Pandyan AD, Price CI, Barnes MP, Johnson GR. A biomechanical investigation into the validity of the modified Ashworth Scale as a measure of elbow spasticity. Clin Rehabil. 2003;17(3):290–3.PubMedCrossRef 32. Blackburn M, van Vliet P, Mockett SP. Reliability of measurements obtained with the modified Ashworth scale in the lower extremities of people with stroke. Phys find more Ther. 2002;82(1):25–34.PubMed

33. Bohannon RW, Andrews AW. Correlation of knee extensor muscle torque and spasticity with gait speed in patients with stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;71(5):330–3.PubMed 34. Paternostro-Sluga T, Grim-Stieger M, Posch M, Schuhfried O, Vacariu G, Mittermaier C, Bittner C, Fialka-Moser V. Reliability and validity Protein tyrosine phosphatase of the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale and a modified scale for testing muscle strength in patients with radial palsy. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40(8):665–71. doi:10.​2340/​16501977-0235.PubMedCrossRef 35. Bohannon RW. Manual muscle testing of the limbs: considerations, limitations, and alternatives. Phys Ther Pract. 1992;2:11–21. 36. Stineman MG, Shea

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In addition, the FliH sequence from Salmonella and the FliH sequence was H. pylori were used as input to PSI-BLAST, and the sequences attaining e-values of less than 10-3 after two iterations were downloaded. All

of these sequences were aggregated into a single set that will be denoted “”set A”". Filtering of FliH sequences Redundancy in set A was reduced by using the EMBOSS [28] program needle to perform pairwise global alignments [29] between all possible pairs of sequences. That is, each sequence in set A was globally aligned with every other sequence, and the % identity between each pair of sequences was recorded. The gap opening penalty used in needle was 8, while the gap extension penalty was set to 0.5; EVP4593 mouse all other settings were left at their default values. Using the % identity data for each pair in set A, a new set of proteins (“”set B”") was derived such that no protein in the latter set was more than check details 25% identical to any other protein in that same set. The purpose of this was to eliminate as much as possible the phylogenetic signal, which could

potentially confound the statistical results. This set was used to derive the data shown in Figures 4, 5, 7 and 8. For comparison purposes, a larger set of proteins was created; in this set, no protein was more than 90% identical to any other protein. Analysis of this set is shown in Additional files 3 and 4. Note that the obvious method for deriving set B is simply to randomly delete one of the proteins whenever two proteins in set A are found to be more than 25% identical. However, this method may result in more proteins being deleted than necessary; consider three proteins X, Y, and Z, and that proteins X and Y are both more than 25% identical to protein Z, but are not more than 25% identical to each other (casual testing suggested that this does happen occasionally). Suppose that X is first compared to Z and found to be more than 25% identical, and X is arbitrarily chosen for deletion. Then Y is compared to Z, and one of these proteins is deleted. Now only one protein is left, despite the fact that only Z needed to be deleted in

order to satisfy the requirements of set B. To solve this problem and maximize the number of sequences left after filtering, the following algorithm was used: for each protein PtdIns(3,4)P2 p in set A, a set ψ p is maintained that contains all the other proteins that are more than 25% identical to p. The sequence M with the highest value of |ψ M | is found, and M is then removed from set A; in addition, M is also deleted from every other protein’s ψ p . This process is repeated until ψ p = ∅ for all p. To remove proteins that were unlikely to actually be FliH, the mean length μ of the sequences in set B was computed, as well as the standard deviation σ of these lengths. Protein sequences having a length outside the range μ ± 1.5σ were deleted.

There are many factors that could affect the hydrogen sensing performance of the Al- and V-doped TiO2 nanofilms. Nanotubular geometry, polymorph, element doping, and testing temperature affected the hydrogen sensing properties of the nanofilm sensors.

Varghese et al. found that undoped TiO2 nanotubes with a smaller diameter (22 nm) could have a higher sensitivity for 1,000 ppm H2 at 290°C [36]. Anatase, the polymorph of TiO2, has been reported to be highly sensitive IWR 1 to reducing gases like hydrogen and carbon monoxide [37]. The hydrogen atom could diffuse to the interstitial sites of TiO2. As the c/a ratio of anatase phase is almost four times that of the rutile phase, the anatase TiO2 phase thus has a greater contribution to hydrogen sensitivity [7]. In the present oxide system, the nanofilms consisted of anatase phase favorable for hydrogen sensing at different temperatures. There are more defects and dislocations in the anatase structures than other crystalline structures [38, 39].

Al and V atoms had an atomic radius different from Ti atom. Thus, Al and V doping could produce more lattice vacancy to capture electrons and accelerate the electron change which is beneficial for the chemical adsorption of hydrogen at the surface and therefore enhance the hydrogen sensitivity. Furthermore, an increased operating temperature of the nanofilm sensor could accelerate the diffusivity of the hydrogen atoms to the surface of the nanofilms and thus lead to a higher sensitivity. As a ceramic oxide fabricated on robust metal substrate, the doped nanofilm provides a robust sensor unit working at either room temperature HSP90 BGB324 cost or elevated temperatures. The hydrogen sensing capability shown by the Al- and V-doped nanofilms makes it possible to further explore the semiconducting characteristics and hydrogen sensing behaviors of various kinds of TiO2 nanofilms with different dopant levels (i.e., Al/V ratio). Conclusions In summary, Ti-Al-V-O oxide nanofilms

with anatase structures were prepared by anodization and annealing. Annealing at different temperatures was found to result in different hydrogen sensing performances. Al and V doping was found to reduce the bandgap of TiO2 oxide. The Al- and V-doped anatase nanofilms demonstrated a p-type hydrogen sensing characteristics, which was quite different from the undoped TiO2 nanotubes. The Ti-Al-V-O nanofilms annealed at 450°C demonstrated sensitivity for 1,000 ppm H2 at elevated operating temperatures, while Ti-Al-V-O nanofilms annealed at 550°C had good sensing response at both room temperature and elevated temperatures. Acknowledgments This work was supported by Shanghai Pujiang Program (no. 07pj14047) and 863 Plan of China (no. 2006AA02A1). We thank the contribution from SEM lab at Instrumental Analysis Center of SJTU. References 1. Dresselhaus MS, Thomas IL: Energy and power.

A recent publication on regulation of RcGTA suggested the promoter click here for the gene cluster was located 215 bp upstream from the predicted orfg1 start codon [76]. Our results with the targeted deletion of the predicted promoter sequence located ~100 bp upstream

indicate this sequence is also important for expression of the RcGTA gene cluster. The “rpoD17” deletion construct on pX2Δp contains the more distal predicted promoter sequence [76], and so our results could reflect a requirement for this deleted sequence that is not related to transcription initiation for this fusion. If the Rba proteins in R. capsulatus are indeed controlling the activity of a σ factor, the effect of the rbaV and rbaY mutations on colony morphology and culture viability may implicate these proteins as regulators of a σ factor with a large regulon, such as RpoD. However, the exact mechanistic functioning in this R. capsulatus Rba pathway is still unclear because of the dominant

role of RbaV and in light of the diversity of similar partner-switching modules in other species that control downstream targets other than σ factors. Nevertheless, RbaV, RbaW and RbaY are linked by their phenotypes and do affect RcGTA gene expression and production in R. capsulatus. Conclusions We have identified a set of predicted regulatory proteins that function in a common pathway to affect production of RcGTA (Figure 8). Additionally, these proteins influence stationary phase viability and colony STA-9090 in vitro morphology, indicating this system also plays other regulatory roles in R. capsulatus. Based on their homology to other proteins and the presence of conserved domains, we hypothesize that these represent a partner-switching Adenosine regulatory system that integrates control of RcGTA gene expression with other aspects of physiology in R. capsulatus. Whether or not this is mediated through the control of a cognate σ factor remains to be determined. Acknowledgements We thank S. MacLellan, N. Bykova, K. Tahlan and D. Bignell for help with the protein

experiments. This research was funded by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) (http://​www.​nserc-crsng.​gc.​ca/​Index_​eng.​asp) and the Canada Foundation for Innovation (http://​www.​innovation.​ca/​en) to ASL. RM was supported by fellowships from NSERC and the Memorial University School of Graduate Studies (http://​www.​mun.​ca/​sgs/​). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Experimental strains used in this study. (DOCX 33 KB) Additional file 2: Experimental plasmids used in this study. (DOCX 35 KB) Additional file 3: Primers used in this study. (DOCX 32 KB) References 1. Marrs BL: Genetic recombination in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1974, 71:971–973.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 2. Lang AS, Zhaxybayeva O, Beatty JT: Gene transfer agents: phage-like elements of genetic exchange. Nat Rev Micro 2012, 10:472–482. 3.

PubMedCrossRef 2. Roilides E, Butler KM, Husson RN, Mueller BU, Lewis LL, Pizzo PA: Pseudomonas infections in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992, 11:547–553.PubMedCrossRef 3. Vartivarian SE, Papadakis KA, Anaissie EJ: Stenotrophomonas ( Xanthomonas ) maltophilia urinary tract infection. A disease that is usually severe and complicated. Arch Intern Med 1996, 156:433–435.PubMedCrossRef 4. Chang HC, Chen CR, Lin JW, Shen GH, Chang KM, Tseng YH, Weng SF: Isolation and characterization of novel giant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia phage phiSMA5. Appl Environ Microbiol C188-9 2005, 71:1387–1393.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 5. Caylan R, Kaklikkaya N, Aydin K, Aydin F, Yilmaz G, Ozgumus

B, Koksal I: An epidemiological analysis of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains in a university hospital. Jpn J Infect Dis 2004, 57:37–40.PubMed 6. Milne KE, Gould IM: Combination antimicrobial susceptibility testing of multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia from cystic fibrosis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012, 56:4071–4077.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 7. Harper DR, Enright MC: Bacteriophages for the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. J Appl Microbiol 2011, 111:1–7.PubMedCrossRef 8. Chen CR, Lin CH, Lin JW, Chang CI, Tseng YH, Weng SF: Characterization of PARP inhibitor a novel T4-type Stenotrophomonas

maltophilia virulent phage Smp14. Arch Microbiol 2007, 188:191–197.PubMedCrossRef 9. Huang Y, Fan H, Pei G, Fan H, Zhang Z, An X, Mi Z, Shi T, Tong Y: Complete genome sequence of IME15, the first T7-like bacteriophage lytic to pan-antibiotic-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia . J Virol 2012, 86:13839–13840.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 10. Fan H, Huang Y, Mi Z, Yin X, Wang L, Fan H, Zhang Z, An X, Chen J, Tong Y: Complete Genome Sequence of IME13, a Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteriophage with large burst size and unique plaque polymorphism. J Virol 2012, 86:11392–11393.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 11. Liu J, Chen P, Zheng C, Huang YP: Characterization of maltocin P28, a novel phage tail-like bacteriocin

from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia . Appl Environ Microbiol 2013, 79:5593–5600.PubMedCrossRef 12. Hagemann M, Hasse D, Berg G: Detection of a phage genome carrying a zonula occludens like toxin gene (zot) in clinical isolates of Stenotrophomonas not maltophilia . Arch Microbiol 2006, 185:449–458.PubMedCrossRef 13. Liu J, Liu Q, Shen P, Huang YP: Isolation and characterization of a novel filamentous phage from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia . Arch Virol 2012, 157:1643–1650.PubMedCrossRef 14. Petrova M, Shcherbatova N, Kurakov A, Mindlin S: Genomic characterization and integrative properties of phiSMA6 and phiSMA7, two novel filamentous bacteriophages of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Arch Virol 2013. [Epub ahead of print] 15. Lee CN, Lin JW, Chow TY, Tseng YH, Weng SF: A novel lysozyme from Xanthomonas oryzae phage ϕXo411 active against Xanthomonas and Stenotrophomonas . Protein Expr Purif 2006, 50:229–237.

These ideas are largely based on mechanistic studies whose data was derived via steady intravenous infusion of amino acids [117, 118].

Long-term studies are needed to determine if the refractory nature of MPS seen in acute infusion data would have any real impact on the gain or preservation of LBM at various meal frequencies. Munster and Saris [119] recently shed further light on what might be optimal in the context of pre-contest dieting. Lean, healthy subjects underwent 36-hour periods in a respiration chamber. Interestingly, three meals per day resulted in higher protein oxidation and RMR, along with lower overall blood glucose concentrations than an isoenergetic diet composed of 14 meals per day. The lower glucose AUC observed in this study is in agreement with previous research by Holmstrup et al. [120], who reported lower 12-hour glucose concentrations

Fludarabine as a result of consuming three high-carbohydrate meals compared to the equivalent distributed over the course of six meals. Another interesting finding by Munster and Saris [119] was lower hunger and higher satiety ratings in the lower meal frequency condition. This finding concurred with previous work by Leidy et al. [121], who compared varying protein levels consumed across either three or six meals per day. Predictably, the higher-protein level (25% vs. 14%) promoted greater satiety. Interestingly, the higher meal frequency led to lower

daily fullness ratings regardless BCKDHA of protein level. Meal frequency had no significant impact on ghrelin IWR-1 nmr levels, regardless of protein intake. PYY, a gut peptide associated with satiety, was 9% lower in the higher meal frequency condition. However, Arciero et al. [122] recently found that six meals per day in a high-protein condition (35% of total energy) were superior to three meals with a high-protein or traditional protein intake (15% of total energy) for improving body composition in overweight subjects. The discrepancy between Leidy et al’s short-term effects and Arciero’s chronic effects warrants further study, preferably in subjects undergoing progressive resistance training. Other common meal frequencies (i.e., 4 or 5 meals per day) have eluded scientific investigation until very recently. Adechian et al. [123] compared whey versus casein consumed in either a ‘pulse’ meal pattern (8/80/4/8%) or a ‘spread’ pattern (25/25/25/25%) over a six week hypocaloric period. No significant changes were seen in body composition between conditions. These outcomes challenge Phillips and Van Loon’s recommendation for protein-rich meals throughout the day to be isonitrogenous (40). Moore et al. [124] compared evenly spaced distributions of two, four, and eight meals consumed after a fasted, acute bout of bilateral knee extension.

08 W/kg bw (+2.5%) versus placebo in young healthy trained German Olympic athletes. While adherence to a training regimen itself resulted in an improvement in peak power output, as observed by improvement in the placebo group, the effect of Ubiquinol supplementation significantly enhanced peak power production in comparison to placebo. References

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Folkers K, Enzmann FH: Steigerung der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit von Ausdauerathleten mit Hilfen von Q10 Monopräparat. In Energie und Schutz Coenzym Q10 Fakten und Perspektivem in der Biologie und Medizin. Edited by: Littarru GP. Rome, Italy: Litografica Iride; 2004:84–86. 7. Wyss V, Lubich T, Ganzit GP, Cesaretti D, Fiorella PL, Dei Rocini C, Bargossi AM, Battistoni R, Lippi A, Grossi G: Remarks on prolonged ubiquinone administration in physical exercise. In Highlights in ubiquinone research: proceedings of the international symposium, May 18–22, 1989. Edited by: Lenaz G, Rabbi O, Battino M. London: Taylor & Francis; 1990:303–306. 8. Littarru GP, Lippa S, Oradei A, Fiorni RM, Mazzanti I: Metabolic and diagnostic implications of blood Alectinib concentration coq10 levelsMetabolic and diagnostic implications of blood coq10 levels. In Biomedical and clinical aspects of coenzyme Q. Volume 6. Edited by: Folkers K, Yamagami T, Littarru GP. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1991:167–178. 9. Littarru GP: Energy and defense: facts and perspectives on coenzyme Q10. In Biology and medicine. Rome: Casa Editre Scientifica Internazionale; 1995:14–24. 10. Kon M, Tanabe K, Akimoto T, Kimura F, Tanimura Y, Shimizu K, Okamoto T, Kono I: Reducing exercise-induced muscular injury in kendo athletes with supplementation of coenzyme Q10. Br J Nutr 2008, 100:903–909.PubMedCrossRef 11. Beyer RE, Beyer RE: The role of coenzyme Q in endurance training-acquired resistance to free radical damage.

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device for laparoscopic repair of hernias in contaminated fields: 2-year follow-up. Hernia 2004, 8:186–189.PubMed 81. Helton WS, Fisichella PM, Berger R, Horgan S, Espat NJ, Abcarian H: Short-term outcomes with small intestinal submucosa for ventral abdominal hernia. Arch Surg 2005, 140:549–562.PubMed 82. Catena F, Ansaloni L, Gazzotti F, Gagliardi S, Di Saverio S, D’Alessandro L, Pinna AD: Use of porcine dermal collagen graft [Permacol] for hernia repair in contaminated fields. Hernia 2007, 11:57–60.PubMed 83. Treviño JM, Franklin ME Jr, Berghoff KR, Glass JL, Jaramillo EJ: Preliminary results of a two-layered prosthetic repair for recurrent inguinal and ventral hernias combining open and laparoscopic

MK-1775 order techniques. Hernia 2006, 10:253–257.PubMed 84. Shaikh FM, Giri SK, Durrani S, Waldron D, Grace PA: Experience with porcine acellular dermal collagen implant in one-stage Bacterial neuraminidase tension-free reconstruction of acute and chronic abdominal wall defects. World J Surg 2007,31(10):1966–1972. discussion 1973–4PubMed 85. Coccolini F, Catena F, Bertuzzo VR, Ercolani G, Pinna A, Ansaloni L: Abdominal wall defect repair with biological prosthesis in transplanted patients: single center retrospective analysis and review of the literature. Updates Surg 2013. in press 86. Cavallaro A, Lo Menzo E, Di Vita M, Zanghì A, Cavallaro V, Veroux PF, Cappellani A: Use of biological meshes for abdominal wall reconstruction in highly contaminated fields. World J Gastroenterol 2010,16(15):1928–1933.PubMedCentralPubMed 87. Coccolini F, Poiasina E, Bertoli P, Gossetti F, Agresta F, Dassatti MR, Riccio P, Cavalli M, Agrusti S, Cucchi M, Negro P, Campanelli G, Ansaloni L, Catena F: The italian register of biological prosthesis (IRBP). Eur Surg Res 2013, 50:262–272.PubMed 88. Smart NJ, Marshall M, Daniels IR: Biological meshes: a review of their use in abdominal wall hernia repairs. Surgeon 2012,10(3):159–171.PubMed 89.

The calculated repeating unit with a length of about 2.0 nm was obtained. The obtained experimental value was in range of 2.0~2.1 nm, which was in good accordance with the calculation result. In addition, for the xerogels of TC14-Lu from DMF, with the decrement of alkyl substituent chains, the weaker intermolecular hydrophobic force between the alkyl chains of the neighboring molecules will not enable present gelators to orderly assemble as in the case of TC18-Lu and shows a shorter layer distance and more disorderly stacking unit. For the case of TC12-Lu, no gel can be prepared due to the shortest alkyl

substituent chains, as shown in Figure 9b. Meanwhile, it should be KU57788 noted that this phenomenon is similar to the results of recent reports [49, 50]. Therein, the substituent groups in azobenzene residue or benzimidazole/benzothiazole imide derivatives can have a profound effect upon the gelation abilities and the as-formed nanostructures of the studied compounds. For the

present system, the experimental results demonstrated again that the alkyl substituent chains had played a very important role in regulating the assembly modes and nanostructures in these organogels. Now the ECL properties generated by the present xerogels of these luminol derivatives in the presence of hydrogen peroxide are under investigation to display the relationship between the molecular structures, as-formed nanostructures, and ECL sensors. Figure 9 Schematic pictures of assembly modes. (a) TC18-Lu in organogels and (b) TC12-Lu MAPK inhibitor in solution. Conclusions Some luminol imide derivatives with different alkyl

substituent chains have been synthesized. Their gelation behaviors in various organic solvents can be regulated by changing the length O-methylated flavonoid and number of alkyl substituent chains. The experimental data demonstrated that the length of alkyl substituent chains linked to a benzene ring in these imide derivatives can have a profound effect upon the gelation abilities of these studied compounds. Longer alkyl chains in molecular skeletons in the present gelators are favorable for the gelation of organic solvents. Morphological studies revealed that the gelator molecules self-assemble into different aggregates from dot, flower, belt, rod, and lamella, to wrinkle with change of solvents. Spectral studies indicated that there existed different H-bond formations and hydrophobic force, depending on the alkyl substituent chains in molecular skeletons. The present research work affords a new useful exploration for the design and development of new versatile low molecular mass organogelators and soft matter for ECL biosensors with luminol functional groups. Authors’ information TJ and QZ are associate professors. QH is an MD student. DX is a professor. FG is a professor and the dean of the School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering. JZ is a laboratory assistant in Yanshan University.

The above findings clearly demonstrate that the MoS2 nanodiscs fabricated via CVD have uniform morphologies, structures, and electrical properties. The electrical properties of the

MoS2 nanodisc-based back-gated FETs, with Ni as the source, drain, and back gate contacts were next investigated at room temperature. Figure 4a shows the relationship between the gate current (I GS) and the gate voltage (V GS) of the transistor at a drain voltage (V DS) of 5 V. The current through the device increases exponentially with the applied positive voltage, and tends to be almost zero under the revised voltage, showing that the MoS2 transistor is a good rectifier. Figure 4 The current–voltage behavior of back-gated MoS 2 transistor. (a) Gate current I GS versus gate voltage V GS behavior of back-gated MoS2 transistor at room temperature for the drain voltage V DS value of 5 V. (b) Output characteristics of back-gated MoS2 transistors see more at room temperature Mocetinostat for V GS values of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 V. Figure 4b displays the output characteristics (drain current I DS versus drain voltage V DS) of back-gated MoS2 transistors at room temperature for V

GS = 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 V. For small V GS, the current I DS shows an exponential dependence on V DS at low V DS values, which results from the presence of a sizable Schottky barrier at the Ni-MoS2 interface [12]. Then, for larger values of V GS, the relation between I DS and V DS becomes linear as V DS increases, which is consistent with the previously reported findings [12].

The barrier height at larger V GS is lower that has been previously demonstrated in greater detail [12, 30, 31]. Thus, the channel can give rise to thermally assisted tunneling, which is responsible for the linear relationship between I DS and V DS. Finally, when V DS increases above a certain value, the current I DS becomes saturated, achieving the output properties of a traditional FET. Figure 5a shows the transfer characteristics (I DS/V GS) of the back-gated MoS2 transistor at room temperature for V DS = 1 V. It is clear that the gate leakage of the FET is negligible and the on/off current ratio can be up to 1.9 × 105, larger than that in the WSe2-based FETs at low temperature [32], which demonstrates that the MoS2 transistor can be easily modulated by the back gate. Farnesyltransferase Moreover, the Fermi level of Ni is close to the conduction band edge of MoS2, consistent with earlier reports [7, 12], which makes MoS2 transistors exhibit mostly n-type behavior. Figure 5b shows the variation of the device transconductance g m (g m = dI DS/dV GS) with V GS at V DS = 1 V. The extracted maximum g m is about 27μS (5.4 μS/μm) within the entire range of V GS, better than previously reported values [7, 12]. The field effect mobility μ also can be obtained based on the conventional dependence of μ = g m [L/(W · C OX  · V DS)] at V DS = 1 V, where g m is the maximum value of g m, and L and W are the length and width of the channel, and C OX = 1.