Panels F-H, comparison of other metals on recA expression, with results normalized as a ratio to that of the “plus ciprofloxacin, no metal” condition for each metal and concentration. Since our finding that zinc-mediated inhibition of recA expression had not been previously reported, we tested whether zinc was actually blocking the Tariquidar research buy entire bacterial SOS response, or merely preventing recA expression in an artefactual way. A reliable “downstream” marker of the SOS stress response in E. coli is a marked elongation of the bacterial cells, sometimes called filamentation, which is due to inhibition of the fission ring formed by FtsZ. We tested whether zinc inhibited antibiotic-induced elongation

of bacteria. Additional file 1: Figure S1 shows that zinc reversed ciprofloxacin-induced bacterial elongation in EPEC E2348/69 and in STEC strain Popeye-1, as well as mitomycin C-induced elongation in Popeye-1. In contrast to zinc, manganese and nickel did not have any effect on antibiotic-induced elongation

(Additional file 1: Figure S1B and 1C). Zinc also blocked the production of infectious bacteriophage from STEC strains Popeye-1, EDL933, and TSA14, as assessed by phage plaque assays on laboratory E. coli strain MG1655 (Figure  5 and Table  2). Therefore we conclude that zinc blocks all the core features of the SOS response, and not merely recA induction. Figure 5 Effect of zinc on ciprofloxacin-induced bacteriophage production from STEC bacteria, as assessed by a semi-quantitative “spot” assay. STEC filtrates were prepared as described in Materials AZD6738 and Methods from strain TSA14 and diluted to 1:10, 1:20, 1:40, 1: 80, and so on to 1:2560. Panel A, sterile filtrate of TSA14 not treated with antibiotics or zinc, showing a phage titer of 1: 10. Panel B, STEC filtrate from bacteria treated with 0.4 mM zinc; no phage plaques are visible. Panel C, spot assay from TSA14 treated with 4 ng/mL ciprofloxacin, showing a titer of 1:640. Panel D, phage titer resulting from

bacteria treated with ciprofloxacin and zinc, showing a 8-fold reduction in phage plaque titer compared to ciprofloxacin alone. Table 2 Effect of zinc on the bacteriophage yield from STEC bacteria by phage plaque assay on E. coli MG1655 as host strain Experiment number Donor/source selleck kinase inhibitor strain for bacteriophage Growth condition (in DMEM Medium) Bacterio-phage titer Fold reduction by zinc Expt. 1 TSA14; O26:H11, Stx1+; harbors phage H19B control, no additives 1:10   + 0.4 mM Zn no plaques, < 1:10 > 2-fold BMS202 concentration decrease + 4 ng/ml cipro 1:640 + 4 cipro + 0.4 mM Zn 1:80 8-fold decrease Expt. 2 TSA14; O26:H11 control, no additives 1:20   + 0.6 mM Zn no plaques > 2-fold decrease + 8 ng/ml cipro 1:640   + 8 cipro + 0.4 mM Zn 1:160 4-fold decrease + 8 cipro + 0.6 mM Zn 1:80 8-fold decrease Expt. 3 EDL933; O157:H7; Stx1+, Stx2+; control 1:80   + 0.6 mM Zn 1:40 2-fold decrease Harbors phages H19B and 933 W + 10 ng/ml cipro > 1:5120   + 10 cipro + 0.6 mM Zn 1:320 ≥ 16-fold decrease Expt.

Cisplatin in combination with temozolomide has been in clinical trial in malignant glioma patients [18–20]. The combination of temozolomide and cisplatin is safe and effective in the treatment of chemotherapy-naïve GBM patients, and also in pre-treated patients with high-grade glioma refractory to single-agent temozolomide [21, 22]. However, cancer cells can develop a resistant phenotype

to cisplatin in many patient cases with very poor clinical outcomes [23]. Mechanisms associated with chemoresistance Selleck BB-94 to cisplatin have been investigated, such as Selleck Necrostatin-1 up-regulation of drug transporter proteins, aberrancies in DNA damage repair, and apoptosis induction [24]. However, mechanisms of how tumors become resistant to cisplatin have still not been clearly established [25]. To study chemoresistance in glioma, we established a cisplatin-resistant glioblastoma cell line U251R, which

is 3.1 fold resistant to cisplatin compared to its parental cell U251. MiRNA expression signature analyzed by microarray identified 16 miRNAs as down-regulated in U251R. Let-7b is one of the most significantly suppressed miRNA. Furthermore, over-expression of Let-7b significantly re-sensitized U251R cells to cisplatin through inhibition of cyclin D1 expression. Cyclin D1 knockdown dramatically increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis and G1 arrest. Taken together, our results suggested that cisplatin treatment leads to Let-7b suppression, which in turn up-regulates cyclin D1 expression, resulting in resistance to cisplatin. Therefore, Let-7b may be considered as a marker for early find more diagnosis of cisplatin resistance, and restoration of Let-7

in glioblastoma could be a new strategy for cisplatin-resistant cancer treatment in the future. Materials and methods Reagents, antibodies, and vectors Fetal bovine serum for cell culture and Lipofectamine 2000 were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Anti-β-actin antibody was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Anti-Bcl-2, Bax, and ppRb antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Anti-cyclin D1 antibody was from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Let-7b mimics expression vector was purchased Florfenicol from Wuhan Genesil Biotechnology (Wuhan, Hubei, China). Cell culture Human neuronal glioblastoma cell line U251 was a gift from Dr. Zhongping Chen (Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China). U251 cell line was maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen), 100 units/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Invitrogen), in a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere at 37°C. Generation of cisplatin-resistant U251 cells in vitro To generate a cisplatin-resistant cell line, U251 cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of cisplatin. Cisplatin concentrations were increased stepwise from 0.1 μg/mL to 0.

In general, MM is the most invasive of the skin tumors, followed by SCC and BCC. Given these facts, our results suggest that c-Src is expressed more in highly aggressive skin tumors, while c-Yes is expressed more in SCC compared to other skin cancers. We also confirmed that the expression ATM inhibitor pattern for phosphate Src and Yes forms in skin cancers

were similar to the total forms. Therefore, we believe that c-Src, rather than c-Yes, plays a key role in the proliferation and progression of malignant skin cancers. References 1. Gloster HM, Brodland DG: The epidemiology of skin cancer. Dermatol Surg 1996, 22:217–226.PubMedCrossRef 2. O’Connor TJ, Neufeld E, Bechberger J, Fujita DJ: pp60 c-src in human Melanocytes and melanoma cells exhibits elevated specific activity and reduced tyrosine 530 phosphorylation compared to human fibroblast pp60 c-src 1 . Cell Growth & Differentiation 1992, 3:435–442. 3. Thomas SM, Brugge

JS: Cellular functions regulated by Src family kinases. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1997, 13:513–609.PubMedCrossRef 4. Rosen N, Bolen JB, Schwartz AM, Cohen P, DeSeau V, Israel MA: Analysis of pp60 c-src protein kinase activity in human tumor cell lines and tissues. J Biol Chem 1986, 261:13754–13759.PubMed 5. Bolen JB, Veillette A, Schwartz AM, Deseau V, Rosen N: Analysis of pp60 c-src in human colon carcinoma and normal human colon check details mucosal cells. Oncogene Res 1987, 1:149–168.PubMed 6. Weber TK, Steele G, Summerhayes IC: Differential pp60 c-src activity in well and poorly differentiated human colon carcinomas and cell lines. J Clin Invest 1992, 90:815–821.PubMedCrossRef 7. Clement J, Sanger J, Berndt A, Kosmehl H, Bohmer FD: Elevated activity and expression of Src-family kinases in human breast carcinoma

tissue versus matched KU-57788 solubility dmso non-tumor tissue. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2001, 127:226–230.PubMedCrossRef 8. Hung W, Elliott B: Co-operative effect of c-Src tyrosine kinase and Stat3 in activation of hepatocyte growth factor expression in mammary carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2001, 276:12395–12403.PubMedCrossRef 9. Planas-Silva MD, Bruggeman RD, Grenko RT, Smith JS: Role Vorinostat of c-Src and focal adhesion kinase in progression and metastasis of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006, 341:73–81.PubMedCrossRef 10. Zhao Y, Planas-Silva MD: Mislocalization of cell-cell adhesion complexs in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells with elevated c-Src tyrosine kinase activity. Cancer Letters 2009, 275:204–212.PubMedCrossRef 11. Barnekow A, Paul E, Schartl M: Expression of the c-src Protooncogene in human skin tumors. Cancer Res 1987, 47:235–240.PubMed 12. Eustace AJ, Crown J, Clynes M, O’Donovan N: Preclinical evaluation of dasatinib, a potent Src kinase inhibitor, in melanoma cell lines. J Transl Med 2008, 6:53.PubMedCrossRef 13.

Finally, plant-root and epiphytic biofilms have become an interest for microbiologists interested in crop protection or

crop enhancement, as microbial community structures have demonstrated repeatedly their influence on plant health and agricultural yield [37]. In this report we PLX-4720 datasheet examine swarming motility and biofilms formed by the aerobic soil bacterium Variovorax paradoxus. We demonstrate that swarming is a fundamental behavior of this microorganism, and examine the effect of Congo Red, an acidic dye that disrupts flagellar function, on swarming. In this context we observe the production of a wetting agent, possibly a surfactant. We examine carbon sources, nitrogen sources and water content in the agar as key factors in swarming motility. We also examine the biofilms formed under similar nutrient conditions in a 96-well polystyrene microtiter plate assay, as well as the role of fluid shear on biofilm formation by V. paradoxus attached to a glass surface.

Finally, we observe that dense, structurally complex biofilms are formed readily by this microorganism in continuous culture. We suggest that V. paradoxus EPS is a valuable additional model of complex selleck kinase inhibitor coordinated surface behavior in proteobacteria, and can be used to understand the role of this microbial ARN-509 population in soil and rhizosphere environments. These surface behaviors and the signals

that drive them are likely related to the nutrient cycles driven by plant root exudates in the rhizosphere. Methods Bacteria used V. paradoxus strain EPS was cultivated from the soil in the Land Lab at CSU San Bernardino. Cisplatin purchase Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was obtained from the Pseudomonas Genetic Stock Center (East Carolina University), S17-1 was obtained from ATCC (ATCC# 47055). Swarming motility Swarming motility was routinely assayed using freshwater (FW) base medium (Table 1) [5] solidified with 0.5% agarose (Low EEO, Fisher Scientific), supplemented with 1:1000 dilutions of a trace metal mixture (ATCC TM-S) and a vitamin mixture (ATCC TV-S). This medium was buffered to pH 7 with 5 mM MOPS. Additional swarming assays were performed using M8/M9 minimal media [22](Table 1, Difco) supplemented with the same constituents. In all swarming motility assays, triplicate samples on an individual petri dish were measured, and diameters recorded to the nearest millimeter in each measurement. Table 1 Composition of minimal media used (per liter) M8/M9 salts FW medium 0.2% w/v carbon sourcea 0.2% w/v carbon sourcea 0.1% w/v nitrogen sourcea, b 0.1% w/v nitrogen sourcea 3.0 g KH2PO4 0.2 g KH2PO4 8.18 g Na2HPO4 dihydrate   0.5 g Mg2SO4heptahydrate 0.15 g Na2SO4   0.4 g MgCl2 hexahydrate 0.15 g CaCl2dihydrate 0.1 g CaCl2 dihydrate 0.5 g NaCl 1.

Selecting modified carbon nanospheres as retention and drainage agents and applying them to the papermaking industry is the next research work of QZ. LL has graduated from Wuhan University. Currently, he works in Haosen

Packaging Company, China. YH is currently doing his Ph.D. in the School of Rigosertib molecular weight Printing and Packing Selinexor solubility dmso at Wuhan University. He did his M.Sc. in the College of Chemistry Molecular Science at Wuhan University. His research focus is on polyelectrolyte brushes. Acknowledgements This work is supported by the National Science Foundation of China (31170558). The authors gratefully appreciate the technical support from the testing center of Wuhan University and the assistance from Huifang Niu, Xiaofei Lu, and Professor Haining Zhang of Wuhan University of Technology. And thanks are given

to Prof. Ruan Lin, the College of Foreign Languages and Literature, Wuhan University, who proofread the English edition and the typesetting of the essay. The authors are responsible for any errors. References 1. Qian Y, Shunbao L, Gao F: Synthesis of copper nanoparticles/carbon spheres and application as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate. Mater Lett 2012, 81:219–221.CrossRef 2. Mi C, Chen W: Highly nanoporous carbon microflakes from discarded dental impression materials. Mater Lett 2014, 114:129–131.CrossRef 3. Deshmukh AA, Mhlanga SD, Neil J: Coville: carbon spheres. Mater Sci Dactolisib cell line Eng R 2010, 70:1–28.CrossRef 4. Tien B, Minwei X, Liu J: Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of carbon spheres as anode material for lithium-ion battery. Mater Lett 2010, 64:1465–1467.CrossRef 5. Levesque A, Binh VT, Semet V, Guillot D, Fillit RY, Brookes MD, Nguyen TP: Monodisperse carbon nanopearls in a foam-like arrangement: a new carbon nano-compound for cold cathodes. Thin Solid Films 2004, 464–465:308–314.CrossRef 6. Auer E, Freund A, Pietsch J, Tacke T: Carbons as supports for industrial precious metal catalysts. Appl Catal Gen 1998, 173:259–271.CrossRef 7. Haiyong H, Remsen EE, Kowalewski

T, Wooley KL: Nanocages derived from shell cross-linked micelle templates. J Am Chem Soc 1999, 121:3805–3806.CrossRef 8. Zhang Z-B, Zhou Z-W, Cao X-H, Liu Y-H, Xiong G-X, Anidulafungin (LY303366) Liang P: Removal of uranium (VI) from aqueous solutions by new phosphorus-containing carbon spheres synthesized via one-step hydrothermal carbonization of glucose in the presence of phosphoric acid. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014, 299:1479–1487.CrossRef 9. Wang X, Liu J, Wenzong X: One-step hydrothermal preparation of amino-functionalized carbon spheres at low temperature and their enhanced adsorption performance towards Cr (VI) for water purification. Colloid Surface Physicochem Eng Aspect 2012, 415:288–294.CrossRef 10. Xingmei G, Yongzhen Y, Xuexia Z, Xuguang L: Carbon spheres surface modification and dispersion in polymer matrix. Appl Surf Sci 2012, 261:159–165.CrossRef 11.

Figure 1 shows the Cu concentration (in atomic %) of the deposited NiCu films as a function of the corresponding Cu concentration in the deposition solution.

Each point in the graph represents a single sample, and the error bars are the learn more typical uncertainty for the EDS measurements. The dashed line indicates the case that the film composition is equal to the solution composition. At the deposition potential of -1,200 mV, the deposition rates for both Ni and Cu are essentially diffusion-controlled, so the composition of the films track the composition of the solutions to a large extent. However, Selleckchem GDC0449 there is some variation in the results from sample to sample, reflecting a degree of variability in the experimental setup. Figure 1 Copper composition in electrodeposited NiCu thin films. Copper composition in the electrodeposited films as determined by EDS as a function of the copper composition in the deposition solution. Each point represents a single sample, and the error bars are IWP-2 manufacturer the typical

EDS uncertainty. The dashed line indicates equal composition in the solution and in the film. The effect of the dealloying procedure on the Cu content of the samples is shown in Figure 2, where the Cu composition after dealloying is compared to the composition in the as-deposited films. Again, each point represents a single sample,

and the error bars indicate the typical uncertainty for the EDS measurements. The dashed line indicates no net change in the Cu composition, that is, removal of both species at identical rates. Over the range of Cu concentrations studied, one of two outcomes was achieved. Either both species were removed at the same rate, so that statistically Phospholipase D1 the post-dealloy Cu composition did not change, or Cu was selectively removed, leading to a decrease in the Cu composition. For higher initial Cu concentrations, copper was selectively removed. However, for the LSV dealloying procedure used, there is evidence of a lower limit to the Cu removal, resulting in samples with about 12% Cu. Figure 2 Copper composition in dealloyed NiCu thin films. Copper composition in the dealloyed films as a function of the composition in the as-deposited film. Each point represents a single sample, and the error bars are the typical EDS uncertainty. The dashed line indicates removal of both components at equal rates. The structure of the as-deposited and dealloyed NiCu samples was characterized using SEM. Example SEM images of the NiCu films are shown in Figure 3 both before (a, c, e) and after (b, d, f) the dealloying procedure. As the initial copper content in the film increases (from a to c to e), the grain size and roughness of the as-deposited film increases slightly.

Following these initial 15 sets in which the repetition number was standardized, subjects performed 3 sets of repetitions to failure at 70% 1-RM, with 3 minutes of rest between each set. The total number of repetitions performed was counted and used as an indicator of total work performed (reps x load = volume load). Before and following the completion of the exercise test, outcome measures

were assessed as indicated below. It should be noted that the exercise protocol used in this study is similar in volume as other exercise MK-4827 research buy protocols used to induce muscle fatigue. However, to our knowledge, this exact protocol has not been used in other published work focused on muscle injury and oxidative stress, but was developed based on general resistance https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cb-5083.html exercise guidelines presented in published form [13]. In hindsight, although the protocol was of similar volume as those used in past studies of muscle injury and oxidative stress, the overall intensity of work may not have been great enough to induce adequate muscle damage and oxidative stress, as the ideal protocol may have included not only

high volume exercise but also high force exercise (i.e., pure eccentric muscle actions), which are known to induce significant muscle trauma [14]. Outcome measures All outcome measures were determined both pre and post intervention (i.e., before and after intake of MSM). As described in past research [15, 16], muscle soreness was determined using a visual analog scale: In this study we used a 5-point Likert scale (0 = no soreness at all; 4 = very sore). The muscle Thalidomide soreness questionnaire was administered before exercise and 2 and 48 hours following the knee SB525334 extension protocol with subjects reporting the level of soreness in their legs (quadriceps) “right now.” In addition to muscle soreness, fatigue

was determined using a distinct questionnaire—the fatigue-inertia subset of the Profile of Mood States [17, 18], which includes a 5-point Likert scale (0 = not at all, 1 = a little, 2 = moderately, 3 = quite a bit, 4 = extremely). The fatigue questionnaire was also administered before exercise and 2 and 48 hours post-exercise with subjects reporting their level of fatigue “right now.” Although some overlap may be present in individuals’ view and rating of soreness and fatigue, our questionnaires were distinct and clearly represented either soreness or fatigue, both of which were rated by subjects. Exercise performance during the final three sets of knee extension was determined based on total volume load (reps x load). Heart rate and blood pressure were measured, and venous blood was collected from subjects before exercise, immediately post-exercise, and two hours post-exercise. Blood from tubes containing EDTA was used for total (TGSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione analysis.

Whey protein and leucine ingested in conjunction with eight wk of resistance training was shown to increase muscle strength beyond that

achieved with resistance training and a carbohydrate placebo [23]. Creatine supplemented during 12 wk of heavy resistance training has been shown to augment changes indicative of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, as creatine resulted in increases in MHC Type I, IIa, and IIx protein, respectively, as well as a 58% increase in myofibrillar protein content [24]. SCH772984 price Furthermore, creatine was found to significantly increase the expression of myogenin and MRF-4 protein [25]. In a similar study, MRF-4 protein expression was increased after 10 wk of resistance training and creatine supplementation, with the increase in MRF-4 expression being significantly correlated with an increased mean fiber area [26]. After 16 wk of heavy resistance training, creatine Selleck ABT263 supplementation increased satellite cell activation, myonuclear number, mean fiber area, and muscle strength compared to whey protein supplementation and control [27]. Creatine supplementation has been shown to enhance myogenic differentiation by activating the p38 MAPK pathway, which is an intracellular signaling pathway responsible for

up-regulating skeletal www.selleckchem.com/products/jph203.html muscle gene expression in response to muscle contraction. Creatine has also been shown to increase the activity of the Akt/mTOR pathway [28]. The Akt/mTOR pathway is an intracellular pathway involved in increasing muscle protein synthesis. Furthermore, the Akt/mTOR pathway can also be activated by leucine [29]. Consequently, leucine supplementation increased the levels of α-ketoisocaproate (KIC) [30]. KIC blunts the activity of the branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) enzyme complex, which decreases skeletal muscle BCAA oxidation that has been shown to occur during exercise [31]. This is further supported by the fact BCAA have been shown to Cytidine deaminase effectively suppress

exercise-induced skeletal muscle proteolysis [32]. Along with the typical resistance training adaptations such as improvements in body composition, and increases in muscle strength and myofibrillar protein content, based on the aforementioned data a nutritional supplement containing creatine, leucine, KIC, and arginine ingested in conjunction with heavy resistance training could conceivably increase muscle hypertrophy through mechanisms associated with increased muscle protein synthesis, decreased muscle proteolysis, and/or satellite cell activation. However, there is a paucity of data demonstrating the effectiveness of such a nutritional product on muscle strength and mass and satellite cell activation.

(b) Incidence-angle-dependent reflectance as a function of AOI and wavelength for the Si nanostructures selleck fabricated using condition (i). Figure 7a shows the photographs of bulk Si (left) and antireflective black Si (right) fabricated using the optimum MaCE condition. The bulk Si reflects the background image due to its high surface reflection. In contrast, the antireflective black Si does not reflect anything due to its excellent antireflection characteristics. Figure 7b shows the photographs of water droplets with

a contact angle (θ c) on the surface of bulk Si (left) and antireflective black Si (right). The contact angles of a water droplet were measured using a contact angle measurement system (Phoenix-300 Touch, SEO Co., Ltd., Suwon, South Korea). The bulk Si exhibited a hydrophilic surface with the contact angle of approximately 31°, whereas the antireflective black Si exhibited a hydrophobic surface with the contact angle of approximately SB273005 mouse 102°. These surface wetting results may be explained by the Cassie-Baxter model [23]. It is known that the hydrophobic surface provides a self-cleaning function, leading to the removal of accumulated dust particles from the surface of solar cells in real environments [19]. Therefore, the Si solar BKM120 cells with antireflective

nanostructures fabricated by the Si MaCE process can achieve much improved efficiency and maintain their early efficiency longer than one with a flat surface. Figure 7 Photograph and water droplets with a contact angle. Montelukast Sodium (a) Photograph and (b) water droplets with a contact angle for bulk Si substrate (left) and antireflective Si (right) fabricated by an optimum Si MaCE condition, respectively. Conclusions We investigated the influence of Si MaCE conditions, including the concentration of HNO3, HF, and DI water as well as etching temperature, on the morphologies and optical properties of the fabricated Si nanostructures to achieve the optimum Si MaCE condition, resulting in desirable antireflective Si

nanostructures with self-cleaning function, for practical solar cell applications. The optical properties of the fabricated Si nanostructures were strongly correlated with Si MaCE conditions. The Si nanostructures fabricated by an optimum MaCE condition demonstrated the extremely low SWR of 1.96% and an angle-dependent SWR of <4% up to an AOI of 60°, compared to that of bulk Si (SWR, 35.91%; angle-dependent SWR, 37.11%) in the wavelength range of 300 to 1,100 nm, as well as a hydrophobic characteristic with a water contact angle of approximately 102°. These results provide improved understanding of Si MaCE and guidelines to achieve desirable antireflective Si nanostructures with self-cleaning capability for high-efficiency c-Si solar cells. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MEST) (no. 2011–0017606). References 1.

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12. Nimmrich I, Erdmann S, Melchers U, Chtarbova S, Finke U, Hentsch S, Hoffmann I, Oertel M, Hoffmann W, Muller O: The novel ependymin related gene UCC1 is highly expressed in colorectal tumor cells. Cancer Lett 2001, 165: 71–79.CrossRefPubMed 13. Violette S, Festor E, Pandrea-Vasile I, Mitchell V, Adida C, Dussaulx E, Lacorte JM, Chambaz J,

Lacasa M, Lesuffleur T: Reg IV, a new member of the regenerating gene TGF-beta/Smad inhibitor family, is overexpressed in colorectal carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2003, 103: 185–193.CrossRefPubMed 14. Traicoff JL, De Marchis L, Ginsburg BL, Zamora RE, Khattar NH, Blanch VJ, Plummer S, Bargo SA, Templeton DJ, Casey G, Kaetzel CS: Characterization of the human polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR) 3′UTR and differential expression of PIGR mRNA during colon tumorigenesis. J Biomed Sci 2003, 10: 792–804.PubMed 15. Liu W, Saint DA: A new quantitative method of real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay based on simulation of polymerase chain reaction kinetics. Anal

Biochem 2002, 302: 52–59.CrossRefPubMed 16. Truant SC, Gouyer VP, Leteurtre EA, Zerimech Sodium butyrate F, Huet GM, Pruvot FR: E-Cadherin and beta-Catenin mRNA Levels Throughout Colon Cancer Progression. J Surg Res 2008, AZD5363 150: 212–218.CrossRefPubMed 17. Hoops TC, Traber PG: Molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1997, 11: 609–633.CrossRefPubMed 18. Abdelhaleem M: The novel helicase this website homologue DDX32 is down-regulated in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2002, 26: 945–954.CrossRefPubMed 19. Tanner NK, Linder P: DExD/H box RNA helicases: from generic motors to specific dissociation functions. Mol Cell 2001, 8: 251–262.CrossRefPubMed 20. de la CJ, Kressler D, Linder P: Unwinding RNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: DEAD-box proteins and related families. Trends Biochem Sci 1999, 24: 192–198.CrossRef 21. Velden AW, Thomas AA: The role of the 5′ untranslated region of an mRNA in translation regulation during development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1999, 31: 87–106.CrossRefPubMed 22. Alli Z, Ho M, Abdelhaleem M: Expression of DHX32 in lymphoid tissues. Exp Mol Pathol 2005, 79: 219–223.CrossRefPubMed 23. Meng X, Liu J, Shen Z: Genomic structure of the human BCCIP gene and its expression in cancer. Gene 2003, 302: 139–146.CrossRefPubMed 24. Liu J, Yuan Y, Huan J, Shen Z: Inhibition of breast and brain cancer cell growth by BCCIPalpha, an evolutionarily conserved nuclear protein that interacts with BRCA2. Oncogene 2001, 20: 336–345.CrossRefPubMed 25.