Materials and Methods: After obtaining institutional review board approval, the authors retrospectively evaluated images and medical records from 13 consecutive patients with symptomatic functional adrenal neoplasms (<3.2 cm in diameter) who underwent RF ablation during a 7-year period. There were six men and

seven women with a mean age of 54.1 years (range, 42-71 years). Cross-sectional images, findings from clinical examination, and adrenal biochemical markers were available for all patients. Ten of the 13 patients (77%) had an aldosteronoma and one patient each had a cortisol-secreting tumor, testosterone-secreting tumor, and pheochromocytoma. RF ablation was performed by two radiologists using an internally cooled electrode and a pulsed technique according to manufacturer’s specifications. Clinical and laboratory selleck chemicals follow-up was performed for all patients. Three patients underwent imaging follow-up

for other reasons.

Results: All patients demonstrated resolution of abnormal biochemical markers after ablation (mean biochemical follow-up, 21.2 months). In addition, all patients experienced resolution of clinical symptoms or syndromes, including hypertension and hypokalemia (in patients with aldosteronoma), Cushing syndrome (in the patient with cortisol-secreting tumor), virilizing symptoms (in the patient with testosterone-secreting tumor), and hypertension (in the patient with pheochromocytoma). For the patients with aldosteronoma, improvements in hypertension management were noted. The LY2157299 cell line mean blood pressure before ablation was 149/90 mm Hg with a mean (+/- standard deviation) of 3.1 +/- 0.6 blood pressure medications, and this decreased to 122/77 mm Hg at a mean of 2.8 months after ablation with 1.3 6 0.9 medications (P < .001) and 124/75 mm Hg at a mean of 41.4 months. There were two minor

complications: one small pneumothorax and one limited hemothorax, neither of which required overnight admission. There were two episodes of transient self-remitting procedural hypertension-one in a patient with aldosteronoma and one in the patient with a cortisol-secreting tumor; however, none of Daporinad Metabolism inhibitor these patients required further therapy during overnight observation.

Conclusion: RF ablation may be an effective, minimally invasive method for treating small functional primary adrenal tumors. (C) RSNA, 2010″
“Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a malformation associated with a hemizygous deletion of the distal short arm of chromosome 4. Herein we report a fetal autopsy case of WHS. A male fetus was therapeutically aborted at 17(+0) weeks gestational age, due to complex anomaly and intra-uterine growth retardation, which were found in prenatal ultrasonography. His birth weight was 65 g.

Highly-insulating buffer layers could however be obtained with InP doped by Fe at a concentration of 6 X 10(16) cm(-3) in a thin region near the InP: Fe substrate. The sheet resistance consequently increased from R(S) = 3 000 Omega/square for the not intentionally doped InP layers to R(S)=9.4 X 10(7) Omega/square when Fe-doping is used in the buffer layers, a value suitable for the realization of high-speed HEMTs. As a demonstration vehicle, Al-free

pseudomorphic T-gate GaInP/GaInAs HEMTs with a 100 nm footprint were fabricated and achieved a cutoff frequency of f(T)=f(MAX)similar to 250 GHz based Selleck JQ-EZ-05 on a still nonoptimized channel structure featuring a mobility and sheet carrier concentration of 10 000 cm(2)/V s and 10(12) cm(-2), respectively. The present work differentiates itself from previous Fe doping studies of InP by clarifying and quantifying the physical processes leading to parasitic conduction in not intentionally doped InP buffer layers grown on InP:Fe substrates. (c) 2010 American Institute of Physics. selleck products [doi:10.1063/1.3516490]“
“Reconstruction of maxillectomy defects is a challenging endeavor, and various methods

have been described to rehabilitate these defects, out of which composite free tissue transfer has an established role in reconstruction of the maxillary defects. The deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) flap has distinct advantages regarding the volume and length of the bone in reconstruction. The contour of the iliac

bone is similar to the maxilla and provides good esthetic result. Good volume of bone allows placement of osseointegrated implant for dental rehabilitation. We present 8 cases of maxilla Selleckchem PF-2341066 reconstruction using DCIA flap (3 osteocutaneous and 5 osseous flaps) for benign and malignant pathologies of the maxilla. DCIA flap is difficult to harvest, has variable anatomy, and needs meticulous planning for optimum result. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: e8-e13)”
“For applications in biotechnology to prepare biopolymers containing functional groups is essential. In addition, these materials have to be strong to provide physical support for practical applications. Recently, chitosan, polycaprolactone (PCL), and their various combinations were used for this purpose. In this work, we described the preparation and characterization of a new biodegradable polymeric gel containing chitosan and PCL. The gel preparation reactions were performed in suitable acetic acid solutions to obtain the products in high yields. A crosslinking agent was added to produce crosslinked gels. Swelling behavior of chitosan/PCL gels in different compositions was studied, and the results were compared. The chitosan/PCL gels show a rather large equilibrium swelling in water and in the phosphate buffered saline solution.

We discuss the histopathological diagnosis of our primary cutaneous lesion and the sentinel lymph node microscopic findings, AZD0156 compare our case with the previous ones, and discuss the possible prognostic and therapeutic implications.”
“Introduction: The rhythmic opening and tightly closing of cardiac valve leaflets are cardiac cyclic events imposing to blood a unidirectional course along the vascular tree. Drugs with 5-HT2B agonism properties can seriously compromise this biological function critical for hemodynamic efficiency as their intrinsic pro-fibrotic effects can, with time,

make valvular coaptation blood regurgitant.

Topics covered: Cardiac valve anatomy, physiology and pathology as well as 5-HT2B receptor properties (coupling, effects mediated, biased agonism) are briefly exposed. Approaches to unveil 5-HT2B receptor liability of drug candidates are detailed. In silico computational models can rapidly probe molecules for chemical signatures associated with 5-HT2B receptor affinity. In vitro radioligand competition assays allow quantifying receptor binding capacity (K-i, IC50), the pharmacological nature (agonism, antagonism) of which can be ascertained from cytosolic

second messenger (inositol phosphates, Ca++, MAPK2) changes. Potencies calculated from the latter data may exhibit variability as they are dependent upon the readout measured and the experimental conditions (e. g., receptor density level of cell material expressing human 5-HT2B receptors). The in vivo valvulopathy effects of 5-HT2B receptor agonists can be assessed by echocardiographic Ulixertinib cost measurements and valve histology in rats chronically treated with the candidate drug. Finally, safety margins derived from from nonclinical and clinical data are evaluated in terms of the readout, usefulness and scientific reliability.

Discussion: The Safety Pharmacology toolbox for detecting possible 5-HT2B receptor agonism Kinase Inhibitor Library liabilities of candidate drugs requires meticulous optimization and validation of all its (in silico, in vitro and in vivo) components to perfect its human predictability power. In particular, since 5-HT2B

receptor agonism is biased in nature, the most predictive readout(s) of valvular liability should be identified and prioritized in keeping with best scientific practice teachings. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Objective. The majority of patients will report pain 12 months after a serious injury. Determining the independent risk factors for pain after serious injury will establish the degree to which high-risk patients can be detected in the acute setting and the viability of early triage to specialist pain services.

Design. A prospective cohort study of patients following serious injury was conducted. The initial assessment comprised a comprehensive battery of known and possible risk factors for persistent pain.

0019 for the NaiveBayesUpdateable algorithm). An ensemble

of high-performing machine-learning classifiers did not yield a higher area under the receiver operating curve than its component classifiers. Dimensional reduction decreased the computational requirements for multiple classifiers, but did not adversely affect classification performance. Conclusions. Using historical data, machine-learning classifiers can predict which surgical cases www.selleckchem.com/HDAC.html should prompt a preoperative request for an APS consultation. Dimensional reduction improved computational efficiency and preserved predictive performance.”
“Case Description-Severe disease and death were identified in cattle exhibited at a state fair that were naturally infected with ovine herpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2).

Clinical Findings-Most affected cattle had anorexia, signs of depression, diarrhea, fever, and respiratory distress ultimately leading to death. Mean duration of clinical signs prior to death was 6 days (range, 1 to 26 days). Mean number of days between apparent exposure and death was 71 days (range, 46 to 139 days).

Treatment and Outcomes-19 of 132 cattle cohoused in 1 barn

died of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). The diagnosis of sheep-associated MCF was confirmed on the basis of results of an OvHV-2-specific FOR assay performed on tissue samples obtained from affected cattle. The disease was associated but not significantly with distance from the center of the barn and was not associated with CH5183284 order distance from the center of the sheep pens.

Clinical Relevance-Outbreaks of MCF in cattle are unusual, particularly in association with livestock exhibitions. Because the selleckchem clinical signs may be similar to those of some transboundary diseases, cases of MCF should be reported and investigated. Findings for this outbreak provided

evidence to suggest that fair boards and veterinarians should reexamine biosecurity recommendations for livestock exhibitions. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;237:87-92)”
“Objective. To identify empirically derived cutoffs for mild, moderate, and severe pain in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Design. Cross-sectional survey. Setting. Community-based survey. Participants. Convenience sample of 236 individuals with MS and pain. Intervention. Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures. Zero to 10 Numeric Rating Scale for pain severity (both average and worst pain) and Brief Pain Inventory for pain interference. Results. The optimal classification scheme for average pain was 02 = mild, 35 = moderate, and 610 = severe. Alternatively, the optimal classification scheme for worst pain was 04 = mild, 57 = moderate, and 810 = severe. Conclusions. The present study furthers our ability to use empirically based cutoffs to inform the use of clinical guidelines for pain treatment as well as our understanding of the factors that might impact the cutoffs that are most appropriate for specific pain populations.

On the first postoperative day, the median visual analogue pain score was 2 at rest and 4 on activity.

Hypotension occurred in 21 (2.2%) patients, excessive motor blockade in 16 (1.7%), high block in 5 (0.5%), nausea in 5 (0.5%) and pruritus in only 1 patient. Excessive sedation occurred in two (0.2%) patients but no intervention was required. There were no serious complications such as epidural abscess, infection or haematoma.

Effective and safe postoperative analgesia can be provided with PCEA in a general surgical ward without recourse to high-dependency supervision.”
“Objectives. To characterize trends in pain and functional outcomes and identify risk factors in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) and neurogenic claudication undergoing selleck compound the Minimally Invasive Lumbar Decompression (MILD) procedure. Design. Retrospective observational cohort study. Setting. Academic multidisciplinary pain center at Stony Brook Medicine. Subjects. Patients undergoing the MILD

procedure from October 2010 to November 2012. Methods. De-identified perioperative, pain and function related data for 50 patients undergoing MILD were extracted from the Center for Pain Management’s quality assessment database. Data included numerical rating scale (NRS), symptom severity and physical function (Zurich Claudication Questionnaire), functional status (Oswestry Disability Index [ODI]), pain interference scores (National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System [PROMIS]), and patients’ self-reported

low back and lower extremity pain distribution. Results. No MILD patient incurred procedure-related complications. CH5424802 Average NRS scores decreased postoperatively and 64.3% of patients reported less pain at 3 months. Clinically meaningful functional ODI improvements of at least C646 20% from baseline were present in 25% of the patients at 6 months. Preliminary analysis of changes in PROMIS scores at 3 months revealed that pre-MILD severe lumbar canal stenosis may be associated with high risk of no improvement. No such impact was observed for NRS or ODI outcomes. Conclusion. Overall, pain is reduced and functional status improved in LSS patients following the MILD procedure at 3 and 6 months. Given the small sample size, it is not yet possible to identify patient subgroups at risk for no improvement. Continued follow-up of longer-term outcomes appears warranted to develop evidence-based patient selection criteria.”
“Understanding biomaterial is very important for superior material development. Here, we report structural and nanophotonic properties of crab shell. The fibrous shell is composed of nanocrystalline calcite, which gives the structure very high strength. Scanning electron microscope cross section and energy dispersive x-ray shows top surface (reddish) is fibrous with metal nanoparticle segregation, while the bottom layer is composed of layered nanohole array similar to air-dielectric photonic lattice structure.

e., very high aspect ratio in their shape and tensile stress along the longitudinal direction, which confine

the spins along the longitudinal Vactosertib supplier direction and make an easy axis in that direction.”
“BACKGROUND: The identification and characterization of the gene, ERRFI1, in diabetes has not been reported. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between ERRFI1 polymorphism and characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Korea.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We conduct a case-control study involving T2DM patients (n = 342) and controls (n = 473).

RESULTS: A novel single nucleotide ERRFI1 gene polymorphism at +807(T/G) was found. G genotype frequency was 40.1% in the diabetic group and 42.7% in the control

group; the difference was not significant (p = 0.45). In the diabetic group, the urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) was lower in the G genotype than in the T genotype (P = 0.004). In males with T2DM, those with the G genotype displayed lower systolic blood pressure (P = 0.01) and higher glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.048) compare to those with the T genotype. In females with T2DM, urine ACR was low in those with the G genotype than in those with the T genotype (P = 0.02). In the diabetic group, patients who harboring T allele had a 1.81 times higher risk of diabetic nephropathy than the G allele (95% CI 1.11-2.96, P = 0.02). In females with T2DM, patients buy TH-302 who harboring T allele had a 2.12 times higher risk of diabetic nephropathy (95% CI 1.07-4.1, P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS: We identify new loci associated with glycemic traits in diabetes and this finding indicates the potential of ERRFI1 as a novel therapeutic target of diabetic nephropathy.”
“A great amount of work has been done over the past few years to reuse the nonmetals recycled from waste printed circuit boards in polypropylene

(PP) composites. This is because of the very fast generation rate of nonmetal pollution in the world each year and the very fast growing rate of PP applications in industries. This work focuses on the dynamic effects of nonmetals of different particle sizes selleckchem on the tensile properties and reinforcing mechanisms of nonmetal/PP composites by in situ scanning electron microscopy tensile testing. The observed results show that the dominant deformation mechanism in pure PP is shear yielding. When fine nonmetals are filled into PP, mass microcracks are initiated. The glass fibers first resist the cracks and undertake the loading when they propagate. The crazes propagate slowly and then break the glass fibers. When coarse nonmetals are filled into PP, interfacial debonding and mass microcracks are initiated. A crack is either terminated when it meets another fiber-particulate bundle or branched into finer mass crazing. Interfacial debonding, crack initiation and propagation, and fiber pullout and breakage dissipate tremendous energy.

The effectiveness of the grafting process as a method for the mechanical reinforcement of cotton without any modification of its handle is discussed. In addition, SEM observations were carried out to check the morphological modification occurring on cotton after the grafting reaction. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 118: 372-377, 2010″
“The surface-enhanced fluorescence of lanthanide ions (neodymium ions Nd3+, holmium ions Ho3+, and erbium ions Er3+) owing to resonant plasmons oscillation on the surface of Ag/Si nanostructure was described. In the presence of Ag/Si nanomaterials, the fluorescence

peaks were significantly SBC-115076 enhanced, which resulted in a typical 185-fold enhancement at 592 nm for Nd3+, 82-fold at 550 nm for Ho3+, and 80-fold at 533 nm for Er3+ at the concentration of 0.05 M. This Ag/Si nanostructure had larger enhancement factor than that caused by unsupported Ag nanoparticles, which might be attributed to the local field overlap originated from the closed and fixed Ag nanoparticles on silicon nanowires. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3457218]“
“A novel photodegradable Napabucasin manufacturer polyethylene-oxidized polyethylene wax-TiO2 (PE-OPW-TiO2) nanocomposite film was prepared by embedding the organically modified

TiO2 nanoparticles into commercial PE in the presence of OPW. The photocatalytic degradation behavior under ultraviolet light or solar light was investigated by examining the weight loss of the composite films, UV-vis transmittance spectrum, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and gel permeation chromatogram

(GPC). The results show that OPW, as a dispersant and a compatibiliser, markedly improves the dispersion and compatibility of TiO2 nanoparticles in PE resins. The PE-OPW-TiO2 composite film demonstrates much higher photodegradation efficiency and much better mechanical property than either the PE-TiO2 composite film or the AZD1152 mw pure PE film. The weight-average molecular weight (M,) of the PE-OPW-TiO2 composite film decreased 94.3% and the number-average molecular weight (M-n) decreased 84.5% after 38 days solar light irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism of the film is briefly discussed. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 118: 378-384, 2010″
“Different imaging modes of low temperature laser scanning microscopy (LTLSM) have been applied to probe local optical and superconducting properties, as well as the spatial variations in thermoelectric and electronic (both dc and rf) transport, in a YBa2Cu3O6.95/LaAlO3 (YBCO/LAO) superconducting microstrip resonator with micron-range resolution. Additionally, the local sources of microwave nonlinearity (NL) were mapped in two-dimensions simultaneously by using the LTLSM in two-tone rf intermodulation distortion contrast mode as a function of (x, y) position of the laser beam perturbation on the sample. The influence of the direction of individual twin-domain YBCO blocks on its NL properties was analyzed in detail.

In order to validate the effectiveness of a closed and aseptic vitrification approach for oocyte cryopreservation, a prospective, randomized study was performed. Sibling oocytes donated from the same donor were randomly and equally assigned into closed or open vitrification groups. A total of 75 vitrification-warming cycles were performed in each group. Apart from the survival rate (82.9% versus 91.0%, P < 0.05), no statistically significant differences were observed in pregnancy (beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin positive) (42.7% versus 33.3%), clinical pregnancy

(36.0% versus 28.0%), implantation (13.8% versus 10.1%), ongoing pregnancy (33.3% versus 24.0%) and live RAD001 mw birth (36.0% versus 24.0%) rates between the

closed and open groups, and 27 and 18 healthy babies were born, respectively. This study shows that the replacement of the open vitrification system by a closed system has no impact on clinical pregnancy and implantation rates. Therefore, the closed vitrification system provides an aseptic alternative to the open method for oocyte vitrification. (C) 2013, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The effect of hydrogen on near-atmospheric nitrogen plasma and low temperature growth of GaN thin film was investigated. To investigate nitrogen 3-deazaneplanocin A nmr plasma diluted with hydrogen, optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was employed. OES indicates that hydrogen enhances the generation of the nitrogen first positive system and first negative systems by providing an additional kinetic pathway. The plasma also decomposed triethylgallium and generated Ga ions even at room temperature. Using this plasma, GaN film grew on sapphire substrate epitaxially at growth temperatures of above 170 degrees C and crystallized at 55 degrees C.”
“Evidence by functional imaging studies suggests the role of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the inhibitory control of nociceptive transmission system. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is able to modulate pain response to capsaicin. In the present study, we evaluated the effect

of DLPFC activation (through HDAC phosphorylation rTMS) on nociceptive control in a model of capsaicin-induced pain. The study was performed on healthy subjects that underwent capsaicin application on right or left hand. Subjects judged the pain induced by capsaicin through a 0-100 VAS scale before and after 5 Hz rTMS over left and right DLPFC at 10 or 20 min after capsaicin application in two separate groups (8 subjects each). Left DLPFC-rTMS delivered either at 10 and 20 min after capsaicin application significantly decreased spontaneous pain in both hands. Right DLPFC rTMS showed no significant effect on pain measures. According to these results, stimulation of left DLPFC seems able to exert a bilateral control on pain system, supporting the critical antinociceptive role of such area.

In contrast, PolyHb(bov) and HSA exhibited lower blood pressure and partially restored perfusion and functional capillary density compared with PolyHb(hum). CHIR-99021 solubility dmso Blood gas parameters showed a pronounced recovery after resuscitation with PolyHb(bov) compared with both PolyHb(hum) and HSA. Tissue PO(2) was significantly

improved in the PolyHb(bov) group, showing that the moderate increase in P(50) of PolyHb(bov) compared with hamster blood (P(50) = 32 mm Hg) was beneficial during resuscitation. However, an excessive increase in oxygen release between the central and peripheral circulation, as induced by PolyHb(hum) produced vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion, limiting the benefits of additional oxygen carrying capacity.

Conclusions: Appropriately engineered PolyHb will enhance/reinstate oxygenation, without hypertension or vasoconstriction, to be used in situations where blood transfusion is not logistically feasible.”
“The aim of this work was to extract and characterize the oil obtained from the seeds of the Oecopetalum mexicanum tree. The results show that the seeds contained 11.20% moisture, 19.37% protein, 1.68% ash, 7.70% crude fiber and 60.02% fat. A preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins,

signaling pathway coumarins and sterols. The physical properties of the oily extract showed it to be a light yellow color at ambient temperature. The oil contained high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic (Omega-6, 48%), palmitic (25%) stearic (12.1%), oleic (Omega-9, 7.17%) and linolenic (Omega-3, 5.62%) acids. Additionally, the following volatile compounds were identified during storage for six months from the seed: 3-methyl-butanal (16.48%), benzaldehyde (14.3%), 2,3-pentanedione (8.50%), 2-furanmethane (7.12%) and 2,6-dimethylpyrazine (4.08%). The iodine index was 48.56g I-2/100 g oil, which classifies this as a non-drying oil, therefore unfit for human consumption. We investigated the oxidative stability of the oil and found a peroxide index of 15.80 meq O-2 kg(-1) oil. The results

show that this seed could be considered as a food supplement and could also be used CBL0137 for the extraction and industrialization of its oil; however, future research is required regarding the technique for extracting and refining this oil in order to obtain better oxidative stability. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: Hyperparathyroidism is seldom encountered during pregnancy. Moreover, when the disease does occur, it is typically masked until late pregnancy or after delivery.

CASE: A previously healthy multiparous woman presented with sudden-onset severe preeclampsia with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets syndrome at 37 weeks of gestation. Acute intracerebral hemorrhage and disseminated intravascular coagulapathy developed 24 hours after cesarean delivery and persisted after craniotomy.

Additionally, the Ba8YxGe46-x (Y-x=Ni-6, Cu-6, Zn-8) samples were characterized with respect to their thermoelectric properties. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3099589]“
“Health-related quality of life instruments (HRQoL) are widely used to produce measures that summarize population health and to inform decision-making and health policy. Although the literature about the relationship between health and race in the United States is quite extensive, there GS-4997 molecular weight is a lack of studies that comprehensively examine the relationship between race and preference-based HRQoL. Given the widespread use of these measures, it becomes important to understand the extent

of the race differences in HRQoL scores and factors associated with any such differences.

We examined the differences in HRQoL, between blacks and whites and associated factors, using the summary scores of the SF-6D, EQ-5D, QWB-SA, HUI2, HUI3, administered by telephone to a nationally representative sample of 3,578 black and white US adults between the ages of 35 and 89 in the National Health Measurement Study (NHMS).

Black women had substantially lower HRQoL than white women. The difference was largely explained by sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables. Black men did not differ significantly from white men, except for the EQ-5D. HRQoL among black men was higher at higher Veliparib income

levels, while the HRQoL of black women was especially low compared to other groups at high income levels.”
“Genome-based selleckchem reverse vaccinology (RV) is a multi-step experimental strategy which starts from in silico analysis of whole genome sequences, from which vaccine candidates can be selected by using bioinformatic algorithms to identify putative protective antigens. In this review, we examine the current state of genome-based

RV-engineered vaccines and future applications. The first product of genome-based RV is Bexsero (R), a vaccine developed for preventing Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B infection, and the strategy is currently being used for the development of new vaccines for other obdurate and emerging bacterial diseases. Improved sequencing technologies and the ongoing whole-genome sequence analyses of helminths, protozoa, and ectoparasites also currently serve as a basis for an RV strategy to produce new potential vaccines against eukaryotic pathogens. We also highlight an emerging approach-structure-based vaccinology-that exploits the information derived from the determined three-dimensional structures of vaccine candidates. Regardless, genome-based RV and other vaccine discovery platforms still depend on empirical experimental science to glean, from the hundreds of identified antigens from any one pathogen, those that should be combined to produce an effective vaccine.