It follows then that fluctuations in the levels of serum progesterone and estrogen throughout a normal ZD1839 reproductive cycle bring about an increased or decreased risk of seizure occurrence based upon the serum estradiol/progesterone ratio. Therefore, using progesterone, its metabolite allopregnanolone, or other hormonal therapies have been explored in the treatment of patients with epilepsy.”
“Studies of the thermally initiated polymerization of 4-methylstyrene using alkylperoxide in conjunction

with cobalt and tertiary amine catalysts are reported. Addition of cobalt salts leads to a facile low temperature initiation of the polymerization process. The polymerization process was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry [DSC] and vibrating probe rheological measurements. Color changes which occur when the cobalt complex and peroxide are

combined were studied using UV-visible spectroscopy. The kinetics of polymerization was investigated using two different cobalt complexes. The initiation step in the polymerization is the conversion of the cobalt (II) to cobalt (III). The presence of the tertiary amine does not affect the oxidation state of the cobalt complex. The cobalt (III) complex gives a better rate of conversion than the cobalt (II) complex. The polymerization process is discussed in terms of redox reaction between the cobalt complex and the alkyperoxide. At low temperatures, the rate of conversion Selleck MAPK inhibitor obeys simple Arrhenius kinetics. At higher temperatures the effects of gelation and catalysts inhibition influence the polymerization process. The polymerization BAY 80-6946 in vitro process is sensitive to the level of available oxygen during the initiation step and inhibition by aldehyde is observed. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym

Sci 123: 1539-1547, 2012″
“Biofeedback is a noninvasive behavioral treatment that enables a patient to gain volitional control over a physiological process. As a treatment for epilepsy, biofeedback interventions were explored from as early as the 1970s, concentrating on sensory motor rhythm (SMR) as a neurophysiologic parameter. Whereas SMR biofeedback aims to modulate frequency components of the electroencephalography (EEG), slow cortical potential (SCP) biofeedback (which was introduced in the 1990s) focuses on the regulation of the amplitude of cortical potential changes (DC shift). In its application to epilepsy, biofeedback using galvanic skin response (GSR), an electrodermal measure of sympathetic activity, is a relatively new cost-effective methodology. The present article first reviews biofeedback using SMR and SCP, for which efficacy and neural mechanisms are relatively well characterized. Then recent data regarding promising applications of GSR biofeedback will be introduced and discussed in detail.

Inpatient management includes intravenous fluid resuscitation and intravenous antibiotics. Patients with a localized abscess may be candidates for computed tomography-guided percutaneous drainage. Fifteen to 30 percent of patients admitted with acute diverticulitis require surgical intervention during that admission. Laparoscopic surgery results in a shorter length of stay, fewer complications, and lower in-hospital mortality compared with open colectomy. The decision to proceed to surgery in patients with recurrent diverticulitis should be individualized and based on patient

preference, comorbidities, and lifestyle. Interventions to prevent recurrences of diverticulitis check details include increased intake of dietary fiber, exercise, cessation of smoking, and, in persons with a body mass index of 30 kg per m(2) or higher, weight loss. Copyright (C) 2013 American Academy of Family Physicians.”
“Background: Radiofrequency (RF) shading artifacts degrade image quality while performing cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) at higher field strengths. In this article, we sought to evaluate the effect of local RF (B-1 field) shimming by using a dual-source-transmit RF system for cardiac cine imaging and to systematically evaluate the effect of subject body type on the B-1 field with and without local RF shimming.

Methods: We obtained cardiac images from 37 subjects (including 11 patients) by using dual-transmit 3T CMR.

B-1 maps with and without subject-specific local RF shimming (exploiting the independent control of transmit amplitude and phase of the 2 RF transmitters) were obtained. Metrics quantifying B-1 field homogeneity EPZ004777 ic50 were calculated selleck and compared with subject body habitus.

Results: Local RF shimming across the region encompassed by the heart increased the mean flip angle (mu) in that area (88.5 +/- 15.2% vs. 81.2 +/- 13.3%; P = 0.0014), reduced the B-1 field variation by 42.2 +/- 13%, and significantly improved the percentage of voxels closer to mu (39% and 82% more voxels were closer to +/- 10% and +/-

5% of mu, respectively) when compared with no RF shimming. B-1 homogeneity was independent of subject body type (body surface area [BSA], body mass index [BMI] or anterior-posterior/right-left patient width ratio [AP/RL]). Subject specific RF (B-1) shimming with a dual-transmit system improved local RF homogeneity across all body types.

Conclusion: With or without RF shimming, cardiac B-1 field homogeneity does not depend on body type, as characterized by BMI, BSA, and AP/RL. For all body types studied, cardiac B-1 field homogeneity was significantly improved by performing local RF shimming with 2 independent RF-transmit channels. This finding indicates the need for subject-specific RF shimming.”
“The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of udenafil (CAS 268203-93-6), a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, on bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced portal hypertension.

A high proportion of affected patients have variable degrees of disability after treatment. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Semin Arthritis Rheum 39:246-256″
“This review summarizes target populations of neonates for which erythropoietin (Epo) neuroprotective therapy might be of benefit, PCI-32765 price and the mechanisms by which Epo functions as a neuroprotective

agent. Potential risks of Epo are reviewed. Finally, the progression of Epo neuroprotection from preclinical studies to translational studies is discussed.”
“Objectives: This review examines the burden and patterns of disease in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the influence and interactions of gender, ethnicity, age, and psychosocial attributes with respect to disease

progression, focusing on issues relevant to clinical practice and research.

Methods: PubMed literature search complemented by review of bibliographies listed in identified articles.

Results: An increased risk among reproductive age women is clearly seen GSK1838705A in African Americans in the United States. However, in other populations, a different pattern is generally seen, with the highest age-specific incidence rates occurring in women after age 40 years. The disease is 2 to 4 times more frequent, and more severe, among nonwhite populations around the world and tends to be more severe in men and in pediatric and late-onset lupus. SLE patients now experience a higher than 90% survival rate at 5 years. The less favorable survival experience of ethnic minorities is possibly related to socioeconomic status rather than to ethnicity per se, and adequate social support has been shown to be a protective factor, in general, in SLE patients. Discordance between physician and patient ratings of disease activity may affect quality of care.

Conclusions: Our understanding of ways to improve outcomes in SLE patients could benefit from patient-oriented research focusing on many dimensions of disease

burden. Promising research initiatives include the inclusion Selleck Pfizer Licensed Compound Library of community-based patients in longitudinal studies, use of self-assessment tools for rating disease damage and activity, and a focus on self-perceived disease activity and treatment compliance. Published by Elsevier Inc. Semin Arthritis Rheum 39:257-268″
“Aim: To evaluate the relationship between arterial saturation values determined by pulse oximetry in the first weeks of life on the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: Randomized and observational studies were sought that compare the incidence of ROP in babies with high or low oxygen saturation targeting assisted by pulse oximetry.

Even among proteins of low degree or low betweenness, high information scores serve as a strong predictor of loss-of-function lethality or pleiotropy. The correlation between information flow scores and phenotypes supports our hypothesis that the proteins of high information flow reside in central positions in interactome networks. We also show that the ranks of information flow scores are

more consistent than that of betweenness when a large amount of noisy data is added to an interactome. Finally, we combine gene expression data with interaction data in C. elegans and construct an interactome network see more for muscle-specific genes. We find that genes that rank high in terms of information flow in the muscle interactome network TH-302 manufacturer but not in the entire network tend to play important roles in muscle function. This framework for studying tissue-specific networks by the information flow model can be applied to other tissues and other organisms as well.”
“To investigate the effects of cold stress on mRNA expression of immunoglobulin and cytokine in small intestine of broilers, eighty-four 15-day-old male chickens were randomly divided into 12 groups. There were I control (25 degrees C) and 5 acute stress groups (under the temperature of 12 +/- 1 degrees C) for 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, 3 control (25 degrees C) and

3 chronic cold stress groups (under the temperature of 12 +/- 1 degrees C) for 5, 10, and 20 d. The mRNA expression buy 4EGI-1 levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-gamma, IgA, IgM, IgG, plgR, and TGF-beta(4) in duodenum, jejunum and ileum were detected by real-time PCR. The results showed that expression levels of IgM, IgA, IgG, plgR and IL-7 had an increased tendency in acute and chronic cold stress, especially plgR that was markedly

increased in the duodenum than jejunum and ileum in the acute cold stress. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-17 and TGF-beta(4) had a first increased then decreased tendency in acute and chronic cold stress groups, however, expression levels of IL-4 were higher in the stress groups than control groups. The histopathological detect showed that issues in cold stress group was seriously injured. These results demonstrated that cold stress could cause the change of immune function in chicken intestinal. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Hartree-Fock ab initio Raman spectra calculations and Raman spectroscopic measurements were carried out on amorphous selenium in order to identify the characteristic vibrational mode due to sigma bonds. Variations in measured peak intensity were observed as a consequence of band gap light illumination. Based on our previous theoretical investigations we originate these intensity variations from photoinduced covalent bond breaking. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.

Results: UTE-T2* values in vivo were found to be repeatable with relative (RMSA-CV) intersession precision errors of 8%, 6%, 16% for full-thickness, superficial and deep cMFC ROIs, corresponding to absolute errors (SD) of 1.2, 1.5, 1.5 ms, respectively. In cMTP tissue, UTE-T2* relative repeatability was 8%, 8%, 13%, corresponding to absolute repeatability of 1.0, 1.5, 2.1 ms (full-thickness, superficial, deep). UTE-T2* values were higher in superficial

cartilage compared to deep in both cMFC (P << 0.001) and cMTP (P = 0.0004) regions.

Conclusion: In vivo 3D UTE-T2* mapping at 3 T is feasible and can be implemented using a standard clinical MRI scanner and knee coil. Intersession precision error of UTE-T2* values in full-thickness

A-1155463 inhibitor ROIs in the weight-bearing regions of asymptomatic subjects is under 1.2 ms or 8% (RMSA-CV). Significant zonal and regional variations of UTE-T2* were seen. (C) 2010 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: To describe the relationship between implantation-associated trauma and postoperative speech perception scores among adult and pediatric patients undergoing selleck chemicals llc cochlear implantation using conventional length electrodes and minimally traumatic surgical techniques.

Study Design: Retrospective chart review (2002-2010).

Setting: Tertiary academic referral center.

Patients: All subjects with significant preoperative low-frequency hearing (<= 70 dB HL at 250 Hz) who underwent cochlear implantation with a newer generation implant electrode (Nucleus Contour Advance, Advanced Bionics HR90K [1J and Helix], and Med El Sonata standard H array) were reviewed.

Intervention(s): Preimplant and postimplant audiometric thresholds Repotrectinib mw and

speech recognition scores were recorded using the electronic medical record.

Main Outcome Measure(s): Postimplantation pure tone threshold shifts were used as a surrogate measure for extent of intracochlear injury and correlated with postoperative speech perception scores.

Results: Between 2002 and 2010, 703 cochlear implant (CI) operations were performed. Data from 126 implants were included in the analysis. The mean preoperative low-frequency pure-tone average was 55.4 dB HL. Hearing preservation was observed in 55% of patients. Patients with hearing preservation were found to have significantly higher postoperative speech perception performance in the CI-only condition than those who lost all residual hearing.

Conclusion: Conservation of acoustic hearing after conventional length cochlear implantation is unpredictable but remains a realistic goal. The combination of improved technology and refined surgical technique may allow for conservation of some residual hearing in more than 50% of patients.

The reason responsible for the significant

improvement of tPVADH production at low induction temperature was explored in terms of cell viability, extracellular proteases activity, and alcohol oxidase activity.”
“We provide a critical survey on recent progress in on-line solid-phase pre-concentration for inductively-coupled plasma (ICP)-based techniques for trace-level determination of metals. We highlight some of the useful solid-phase materials suitable for online separation and enrichment prior to ICP determination. We discuss different applications of the methods developed along with their analytical figures of merit. Finally, we sketch out future prospects selleck chemical in this field. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose

Hemorrhagic metastatic brain tumors are not rare, but little is known about the surgical outcome following treatment. We conducted this study to determine the result of the surgical outcome of hemorrhagic metastatic brain tumors.

Materials and Methods

From July 2001 to December 2008, 21 patients underwent surgery for hemorrhagic metastatic brain tumors at our institution. 15 patients had lung cancer, 3 had hepatocellular carcinoma, and the rest had rectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and sarcoma. 20 patients had macroscopic hemorrhage in the tumors, and one patient

had intracerebral hemorrhage surrounding the tumor. A retrospective clinical review was conducted focusing on the patterns CA4P of presenting symptoms and signs, H 89 as well as local recurrence following surgery.

Results

Among

21 hemorrhagic brain metastases, local recurrence developed in two patients. The 12 month progression free survival rate was 86.1%. Mean time to progression was 20.8 months and median survival time after surgery was 11.7 months.

Conclusion

The results of our study showed that hemorrhagic metastatic brain tumors rarely recurred after surgery. Surgery should be considered as a good treatment option for hemorrhagic brain metastasis, especially in cases with increased intracranial pressure or severe neurologic deficits.”
“An alcohol/salt aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) composed of 1-propanol and (NH4)(2)SO4 was employed to purify anthraquinones (AQs) extracted from Aloe vera L. The main influencing system parameters such as type of alcohol, type and concentration of salt, temperature and pH were investigated in detail. Under the optimal extraction conditions, AQs can be extracted into alcohol-rich phase with high extraction efficiency, meanwhile majority polysaccharides, proteins, mineral substances and other impurities were extracted into salt-rich phase. Partitioning of AQs is dependent on hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bond interaction, and salting-out effect in ATPS. Temperature also played a great role in the partitioning.

Six fatal serious adverse events in RIX4414 and 9 in placebo groups

were reported. At 2 months post-Dose 3, the seroconversion rates were 57.1% (95% CI: 34-78.2) in RIX4414 and 18.2% (95% CI: 5.2-40.3) in the placebo group. The mean absolute CD4(+) cell count, CD4(+) percentage, and HIV-1 viral load were comparable in both groups at screening and 2 AZD6094 months post-Dose 3. Rotavirus shedding peaked at Day 7 after Dose 1 of RIX4414 with prolonged shedding was observed in 1 infant only.

Conclusions: Three doses of RIX4414 vaccine was tolerated well by the South African HIV-positive infants. A satisfactory immune response was mounted without aggravating their immunologic or HIV condition.”
“Objectives: Due to the scarce data on the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among male-to-female trans-sex workers (TSW) and male sex workers (MSW) in Argentina, the present study aimed to estimate the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV),

and Treponema pallidum. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Chlamydia trachomatis infections were tested among TSW.

Methods: Two hundred and seventy-three TSW and 114 MSW were recruited by nongovernmental organizations. HIV incidence was estimated by STARHS (serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion). HPV and C. trachomatis infections were tested in anal cells from TSW.

Results: TSW showed significantly higher prevalences of HIV (34.1 vs. 11.4%), HBV (40.2 vs. 22.0%), and T. pallidum (50.4 vs. 20.4%) than KU-57788 clinical trial MSW. TSW tested positive for HPV in 111/114 cases and for C. trachomatis in 4/80 cases. Investigation of HBV, HCV, HIV, and T. pallidum co-infections showed that 72% of TSW and 39% of MSW PD98059 had at least one STI. T. pallidum was the most

frequent mono-infection. The estimated HIV incidence was 10.7 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.8-17.7) for TSW and 2.3 per 100 person-years (95% CI 0-6.7) for MSW.

Conclusions: The high prevalence of STIs and the high incidence of HIV demonstrate the great vulnerability of these high-risk populations and indicate the urgent need for preventive strategies on intervention and facilitation of access to healthcare programs. (C) 2011 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This report describes a fetus presenting with intrauterine tachycardia and hydrops fetalis. Soon after birth the neonate was noted to be in torsades de pointes that responded dramatically to medical management. Long QT syndrome (LQTS) was diagnosed on electrocardiogram obtained soon after birth. The prognosis is poor when LQTS presents in utero or during the first week of life. However, our infant did well with medical management and has remained free of arrhythmias at follow-up.

If NSAID therapy is required, patients at risk will need prevention strategies including co-therapy of NSAID with gastroprotectants (PPI or misoprostol) or the prescription of COX-2 selective inhibitors. The probable introduction of NO-NSAIDs in the market in the near future may open a new therapeutic option for patients with hypertension who need A-1331852 ic50 NSAIDs. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors are widely prescribed

anticancer drugs. Patients treated commonly develop dermatologic adverse drugs reactions, but rarely they are involved in systematic evaluation of their quality of life. This monocentric cross sectional study is carried out to assess quality of life in colon cancer patients experienced skin side effects due to anti epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors therapy.

Methods: Consecutive patients with skin side effects to therapy treated at Fondazione Poliambulanza were enrolled in this study. Quality of life was evaluated with the Italian validated version

of Skindex-29 questionnaire, exploring three dimensions: symptoms, emotional, and physical functioning. Skindex-29 was administered one time between the eighth and the twelfth week of the treatment.

Results: Forty-five selleckchem consecutive patients, mainly with metastatic colon cancer (29 female, 16 male), with an average age of 59.31 years (ranging from 34-78) were included in the study and analyzed. Patients showed a great impact of skin side effects on symptoms (mean 43), followed by emotional (mean 30), and functioning (mean 26) scales. In general women, the 55-65 age class, and patients with partial remission reported the worst quality of life.

Conclusions: Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors’ skin side effects have an important impact on quality of life in advanced colon cancer patients;

symptoms scale is the most effect respect to emotional and functioning scales.”
“The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 12 weeks of supervised aerobic and strength training (SET) versus no-training (NT) on peak aerobic power (VO(2peak)), submaximal exercise left ventricular (LV) systolic function, peripheral vascular check details function, lean tissue mass and maximal strength in clinically stable heart transplant recipients (HTR). Forty-three HTR were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of SET (n = 22; age: 57 +/- 10 years; time posttransplant: 5.4 +/- 4.9 years) or NT (n = 21; age: 59 +/- 11 years; time posttransplant: 4.4 +/- 3.3 years). The change in VO(2peak) (3.11 mL/kg/min, 95% CI: 1.2-5.0 mL/kg/min), leg and total lean tissue mass (0.78 kg, 95% CI: 0.31-1.3 kg and 1.34 kg, 95% CI: 0.34-2.3 kg, respectively), chest-press (10.4 kg, 95% CI: 5.2-15.5 kg) and leg-press strength (34.7 kg, 95% CI: 3.7-65.6 kg) were significantly higher after SET versus NT.

27%, P = 0.015) and spent fewer minutes per day on refill requests (mean 17 vs. 23, P = 0.049). The intervention group pharmacists reported higher check details job satisfaction (mean index score 22 vs. 18, P = 0.024), and intervention group patients reported higher satisfaction with the “”readiness”" of their

prescription when they came to pick it up (91% vs. 80%, P = 0.004).

Conclusion: A pharmacist-managed MRLMP resulted in improved process- related outcomes. Future studies should assess clinical outcomes.”
“The highest value of saturation magnetization (80 emu/g) ever reported has been achieved in Ni(0.65)Zn(0.35)Fe(2)O(4) at lower sintering temperatures through sol-gel synthesis. The observed highest value of saturation magnetization has been explained on the basis of core-surface magnetic interactions facilitated through low temperature and in-field Mossbauer investigation of the system. Cation distribution for this composition has also been proposed and verified quantitatively by calculating the intensity of each peak of x-ray diffraction and estimating the lattice constant. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3098249]“
“Objectives: To describe characteristics

and trends for emergency department visits related to medication nonadherence and to identify associations between patient characteristics and emergency department visits related to medication nonadherence.

Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Setting: National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) from 2005 to 2007.

Patients: Patients who had DAPT order an emergency department visit for medication

nonadherence.

Intervention: NHAMCS data were weighted to yield national estimates of emergency department visits related to medication nonadherence. Descriptive frequencies were calculated for visits https://www.selleckchem.com/products/prt062607-p505-15-hcl.html related and unrelated to medication adherence. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify covariates for nonadherence.

Main outcome measures: National estimates of emergency department visits related to medication nonadherence.

Results: An estimated 456,209 +/- 68,940 (mean +/- SD) nonadherence-related visits occurred. Of visits related to nonadherence, 29% resulted from mental health disorders. Significant covariates of nonadherence-related visits included age, payment source, and primary diagnosis. Visits for patients with mental illness (odds ratio 22.74 [95% CI 14.68-34.20]), type 2 diabetes (15.80 [5.20-48.06]), nondependent abuse of drugs (11.85 [3.83-36.65]), or essential hypertension (11.06 [3.99-30.61]) were significantly associated with the probability that an emergency department visit was related to nonadherence. More than 20% of emergency department visits related to medication nonadherence resulted in hospital admission, whereas only 12.7% of visits unrelated to nonadherence resulted in hospital admission (P < 0.0001).

Although not previously described in these terms, there are also many viruses of plants that maintain a persistent lifestyle. They have been largely ignored because they do not generally cause disease. The persistent viruses in plants belong to the family Partitiviridae or the genus Endornavirus. These groups also have members that

infect fungi. Phylogenetic EPZ-6438 datasheet analysis of the partitivirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genes suggests that these viruses have been transmitted between plants and fungi. Additional families of viruses traditionally thought to be fungal viruses are also found frequently in plants, and may represent a similar scenario of persistent lifestyles, and some acute or chronic viruses of crop plants may maintain a persistent lifestyle in wild plants. Persistent, chronic and acute lifestyles of plant viruses are contrasted from both a functional and evolutionary perspective, and the potential role of these lifestyles in host evolution is discussed.”
“Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

(PNIPAM) hydrogels were prepared by free-radical polymerization in different ethanol-water mixtures. A scanning electron microscopy study revealed selleck kinase inhibitor that the resulting hydrogels were macroporous. The swelling ratios of the resultant hydrogels in water at 20 degrees C followed this order: X(0.34) approximate to X(0.68) > X(0.48) > X(0.09) > X(0.04) > X(0), where X(a) denotes a gel prepared in an ethanol-water solvent mixture with an ethanol molar fraction of a. Below the lower critical solution temperature, the swelling ratio values of all of the hydrogels gradually decreased with increasing temperature. The complete collapse of the PNIPAM chain of all of these gels occurred at about 38 degrees C, whereas the same was observed at about 35 degrees C for the conventional gel prepared in water. The swelling ratio values of all of the PNIPAM gels with different LY2090314 concentration molar fractions of ethanol at 20 degrees C passed through a minimum in the cononsolvency zone. The deswelling rates of the hydrogels decreased in the following order: X(0.34) > X(0.48) >

X(0.68) > X(0.09) > X(0.04) > X(0). The reswelling rates of these hydrogels decreased in the following order: X(0) > X(0.04) approximate to X(0.48) > X(0.09) approximate to X(0.68) > X (0.34). The freeze-drying process decreased the swelling ratios but increased the deswelling and reswelling properties of the PNIPAM gels. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 2422-2429, 2011″
“Study Design. Both sequestrated nucleus pulposus (SNP) and the remaining nucleus pulposus (RNP) were studied from the discs of the same patient to evaluate apoptosis using immunohistochemical staining.

Objective. To compare apoptosis of the SNP and the RNP in the disc of the same patient.

Summary of Background Data.